To explore the attenuation law of blasting stress waves in concrete under different charging structures, the strain values at different positions of the experimental models were tested by a 16-channel dynamic strain gauge based on similarity theory. Meanwhile, the attenuation law of axial and radial blast stress waves in concrete under different charge structures was obtained by calculating the peak stress. The results show that the blasting stress wave exhibits a power exponential decay as the distance between the blasting centers increases. The initial pressure and maximum pressure on the borehole wall of the coupled charge structure are the highest, and the detonation wave acts on the medium for a short time. The uncoupled charge structure reduces the initial pressure on the borehole wall and prolongs the time of detonation pressure action. The coupled charging structure consumes much energy in the crushing zone, and the energy transfer is uneven. The stress wave attenuation of the uncoupled charging structure during blasting is slow, and the energy transfer is uniform.