The Report of the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that building a New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics puts forward new demands for comprehensive research and management practices of natural resources. Since the completion of large-scale comprehensive scientific investigations and researches of natural resources in the 1990s, comprehensive research on natural resources has gradually become the focus of attention in the field of resources science. In the New Era, natural resources research is facing various opportunities and challenges. This article discusses the nexus relationship between the frame of the Mountain-Water-Forests-Field-Lakes-Grasses, pointed out by President Xi Jinping, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of natural resources issues. It focuses on the four typical related research topics that are most concerned at home and abroad today, namely, resource-asset-capital nexus, energy-resource-technology nexus, food-water-energy nexus, energy-water-land-carbon emission nexus, combined with the policy guidance proposed in the New Era. It analyzed the geopolitical risks, climate change, international trade uncertainty, major emergency events and other issues and proposed several new perspectives and related suggestions which are aimed to provide some new ideas for the development of natural resources research and disciplines innovation capacity building. The authors believe that the century-long unprecedented changes have a profound impact on the status and role of natural resources. As a result, it is urgent to strengthen the basic theoretical research of natural resources and establish some major R&D plans for natural resources research as soon as possible to serve the national natural resources strategy and major engineering needs and provide some ways of important technological support for China.