In this study, a measurement system is constructed based on binocular vision to enable round-hole profile measurement of the thin-walled parts in the industrial field. Using a binocular camera as the vision sensor, the brightness of light source can be automatically adjusted by detecting the gray value of the hole's inner portion or the part's exterior, enabling the left and right cameras to simultaneously obtain the clearest round-hole image. Three-dimensional reconstruction can be realized through round-hole profile detection and matching based on epipolar restriction; further, the aperture information and three-dimensional coordinates can be acquired. The experimental results denote that the system exhibits high accuracy and that its stability and accuracy satisfy the requirements of industrial applications.