Author Affiliations
1State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Metal Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing), Chongqing 400044, China3College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, U.K.show less
Fig. 1. Schematics of ray-tracing algorithm
Fig. 2. Initialization of the powder bed
Fig. 3. Powder morphology of Cu-Cr-Zr powder
Fig. 4. Homemade calorimetric apparatus used to measure the effect laser absorptivity. (a) Physical device; (b) device schematic
Fig. 5. Typical temperature variation curves detected by thermocouples of calorimetric apparatus during SLM process
Fig. 6. Comparison of modelled and experimental results. (a) Track morphology in top view; (b) melt pool boundary in cross-section view
Fig. 7. Top view of melt pool evolution of SLM single-track under two different process parameters. (a) Continuous single-track case; (b) balling single-track case
Fig. 8. Laser reflection and absorption behaviors within melt pool under two process parameters. (a) Continuous single-track case; (b) balling single-track case
Fig. 9. Temperature curves versus time obtained by thermocouples under two process parameters. (a) P=430 W,v=0.6 m/s; (b) P=330 W, v=1.2 m/s
Fig. 10. Dynamic variation of global absorptivity under two process parameters
Parameter | Value |
---|
Density of metal /(kg·m-3) | 8927 | Specific heat of metal /(J·kg-1·K-1) | 380 | Thermal conductivity of solid metal /(W·m-1·K-1) | 320 | Thermal conductivity of liquid metal /(W·m-1·K-1) | 100 | Solidus temperature /K | 1338.7 | Liquidus temperature /K | 1355.4 | Boiling temperature /K | 2868 | Viscosity /(Pa·s) | 0.0043 | Surface tension coefficient /(N·m-1) | 1.304 | Temperature coefficient of surface tension /(N·m-1·K-1) | -0.286×10-3 | Latent heat of fusion /(J·kg-1) | 204000 | Enthalpy change of evaporation /(J·mol-1) | 300540 |
|
Table 1. Material properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy used in the simulation
Element | Cr | Zr | Fe | Si | P | Cu |
---|
Mass fraction /% | 0.5-1.5 | 0.05-0.25 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.01 | Bal. |
|
Table 2. Chemical compositions of Cu-Cr-Zr powder
Serial number | Laser power P /W | Scanning velocity v /(m·s-1) |
---|
1 | 430 | 0.6 | 2 | 330 | 1.2 |
|
Table 3. Process parameters used in SLM simulations and experiments
Laser parameter | Effective absorptivity /% | Average global absorptivity /% | Error /% |
---|
P=430 W, v=0.6 m/s | 40.24 | 40.4 | 0.4 | P=330 W, v=1.2 m/s | 27.04 | 25.1 | 7.1 |
|
Table 4. Values of effective absorptivity and average global absorptivity