The development and application of the distributed fiber-optic vibration sensing system such as Sagnac interferometer system, Mach-Zehnder interferometer system and phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (Φ-OTDR) system in transport fluid pipeline detection are introduced. The monitoring principle and application characteristics of different test systems in oil gas, water pipeline and other application areas are analyzed, and the development trend of the distributed fiber-optic sensing technology in pipeline leak detection is also described. Through the abroad development status analysis of the technology field, it is concluded that the domestic technology has certain advantages in the field of Sagnac interferometer system and Mach-Zehnder interferometer system. However, for the forefront of Φ-OTDR system the domestic and the abroad are at the same level.