CO2 mineralization curing solid waste cementitious materials can achieve diversified and reduced consumption of solid waste, while fixing and storing CO2, which has dual carbon reduction benefits. To comprehensively consider the mechanical properties, carbon sequestration effect, and environmental impact of materials, this article selected compressive strength, carbon sequestration rate, carbon sequestration degree, carbonization efficiency, carbon emission, and energy consumption as evaluation indicators, and designed 11 sets of mixed proportion specimens for quantitative analysis and evaluation of comprehensive performance. The results show that compared with standard curing, the compressive strength and carbon sequestration effect of mineralization curing alkali activated solid waste cementitious materials have been significantly improved. Solid waste has excellent emission and consumption reduction advantages, but the use of alkali activator has a significant impact on the environment. When the mass ratio of fly ash, red mud, and steel slag is 7∶2∶1, the water-solid ratio, alkali adhesive ratio, and water glass modulus are 0.28, 0.26, and 1.2, the comprehensive performance of mineralization curing alkali activated solid waste cementitious materials is the best. The combination of CO2 mineralization curing technology and solid waste utilization can unleash enormous carbon sequestration potential, which is an important measure to promote the synergistic effect of pollution reduction and carbon reduction.