Fig. 1. Formation and cooling of nanodroplets^[9]. (a) Formation of nanodroplets; (b) cooling of nanodroplets

Fig. 2. Schematic of the interaction between nanosecond pulsed laser and target^[11]

Fig. 3. Interaction between femtosecond pulsed laser and silicon wafer^[11]. (a) Reaction on the surface of silicon wafer at different power densities; (b) material absorbs laser energy; (c) electrons stripped from atoms; (d) coulomb explosion on the surface of the material

Fig. 4. Formation mechanism of carbonized products with different structures in acetone^[23]

Fig. 5. Formation of nanoparticles in different concentrations of SDS solutions^[24]

Fig. 6. FE-SEM images of nanoparticles prepared in different concentrations of CTAB solutions^[25]

Fig. 7. Molecular structure of PVP, PVA, and PEG and protection for Al nanoparticles^[26]

Fig. 8. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images and corresponding particle size distribution histograms of NiO particles prepared in different solutions under the same condition^[34]. (a) Distilled water; (b) ethanol solution

Fig. 9. Schematic of preparation of nanoparticles by laser ablation in dynamic microfluidics^[37]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) confined mode of operation; (c) continuous mode of operation

Fig. 10. Scanning electron microscopy images of Cu nanoparticles prepared with different pulse widths^[38]. (a)(b) 5 ns; (c)(d) 200 ps; (e)(f) 30 fs

Fig. 11. Formation of nanoparticle in different solutions^[39]. (a) Deionized water; (b) sodium hydroxide solution; (c) hydrogen peroxide solution; (d) anhydrous ethanol

Fig. 12. Three methods for laser ablation in liquid^[53]

Fig. 13. Histogram of particle size distribution of alloy nanoparticles prepared in different solutions and corresponding hydrodynamic diameter, Zeta potential, and Ferret diameter^[56]. (a) Histogram of particle size distribution of alloy nanoparticles prepared in acetone; (b) histogram of particle size distribution of alloy nanoparticles prepared in MMA; (c) histogram of particle size distribution of alloy nanoparticles prepared in deionized water; (d) h

Fig. 14. TEM images of nanoparticles prepared by ablating alloy targets with different molar ratios of Pb to Zn^[57]. (a)(c)(e) Lowly enlarged TEM; (b)(d)(f) highly enlarged TEM

Fig. 15. TEM images of the samples prepared in four solutions^[66]

Fig. 16. Ablated silicon mass as function of the number of laser pulses in different wavelengths^[74]. (a) 1064 nm; (b) 355 nm

Table 1. Preparation of metal nanoparticles by laser ablation in liquid

Table 2. Preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles by laser ablation in liquid

Table 3. Preparation of alloy nanoparticles by laser ablation in liquid

Table 4. Preparation of non-metallic nanoparticles by laser ablation in liquid