[1] FINKE U, KREYER O. Detect and locate lightning events from geostationary satellite observations, report part I: Review of existing lightning location systems［R］. Technical Report EUM/CO/02/1016/SAT, 2002.

[2] GOODMAN S J, BLAKESLEE R, KOSHAK W J, et al.. The geostationary lightning mapper (GLM) for GOES-R: A new operational capability to improve storm forecasts and warnings［C］. Proc. AMS 6th Annual Symposium on Future National Operational Enviro nmental Satellite Systems-NPOESS and GOES-R, American Meteorological Society, 2010.

[3] WANGD H, QIE X SH, GUO CH M. Lightning and Artificial Lead Mine ［M］. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, 2000: 207-217. (in Chinese)

[4] ZHANG G SH, WANG Y H, QIE X SH, et al.. Using lightning locating system based on time-of-arrival technique to study three-dimensional lightning discharge processes ［J］. Science China Earth Sciences, 2010, 53(4): 591-602. (in Chinese)

[5] CUMMINS K L, MURPHY M J, BARDO E A, et al.. A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. national lightning detection network ［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1998, 103(D8): 9035-9044.

[6] BIAGI C J, CUMMINS K L, KEHOE K E, et al.. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) performance in southern Arizona, Texas, and Oklahoma in 2003-2004 ［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2007, 112(D5): D05208.

[7] DOWDEN R L, HOLZWORTH R H, RODGER C J, et al.. World-wide lightning location using VLF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide ［J］. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2008, 50(5): 40-60.

[8] RICHARD P, DELANNOY A, LABAUNE G, et al.. Results of spatial and temporal characterization of the VHF-UHF radiation of lightning ［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1986, 91(D1): 1248-1260.

[9] BETZ H D, SCHMIDT K, LAROCHE P, et al.. LINET-An international lightning detection network in Europe ［J］. Atmospheric Research, 2009, 91(2-4): 564-573.

[10] QIEX SH, YAN M H, GUO CH M, et al.. Lightning data and study of thunderstorm nowcasting ［J］. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 1993, 7(2): 244-256.

[11] ALBRECHT R I, GOODMAN S J, BUECHLER D E, et al.. Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth ［J］. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2016, 97(11): 2051-2068.

[12] HERMAN J R, CARUSO J A, STONE R G. Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE)-I. Observations of terrestrial radio noise ［J］. Planetary and Space Science, 1973, 21(3): 443-461.

[13] CHRISTIAN H J, FROST R L, GILLASPY P H, et al.. Observations of optical lighting emissions from above thunderstorms using U-2 aircraft ［J］. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1983, 64(2): 120-123.

[14] BROOK M, RHODES C, VAUGHAN JR O H, et al.. Nighttime observations of thunderstorm electrical activity from a high altitude airplane ［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012), 1985, 90(D4): 6111-6120.

[15] CHRISTIAN H J, BLAKESLEE R J, BOCCIPPIO D J, et al.. Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector ［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012), 2003, 108(D1): ACL 4-1-ACL 4-15.

[16] BOCCIPPIO D J, KOSHAK W, BLAKESLEE R, et al.. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD): Instrument characteristics and cross-sensor validation ［J］. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2000, 17(4): 441-458.

[17] CHRISTIAN H J, BLAKESLEE R J, GOODMAN S J, et al.. Algorithm theoretical basis document (ATBD) for the lightning imaging sensor (LIS)［R］. Technical Report, Washington: NASA, 2000.

[18] WOLFE W L, NAGLER M. Conceptual design of a spaceborne lightning sensor ［J］. SPIE, 1980, 246: 22-23.

[19] CHRISTIAN H J, BLAKESLEE R J, GOODMAN S J. The detection of lightning from geostationary orbit ［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012), 1989, 94(D11): 13329-13337.

[20] CHEN SH B, YANG Y, CUI T F. Study of the cloud effect on lightning detection by geostationary satellite ［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2012, 55(3): 797-803. (in Chinese)

[21] CHAUZY S, COQUILLAT S, SOULA S. On the relevance of lightning imagery from geostationary satellite observation for operational meteorological applications［R］. Technical Report EUM/COL/LET/02/1562, 2002.

[22] HUANG F X. Lightning imaging sensor on FY-4 meteorological satellite: mission and challenge ［J］.Meteorological Science and Technology, 2007, 35(Z1): 35-42. (in Chinese)

[23] GOODMAN S J, BLAKESLEE R J, KOSHAK W. Geostationary Lightning Mapper for GOES-R and beyond［C］. Proceedings of the 88th AMS Annual Meeting, NASA, 2008.

[24] GOODMAN S J, BLAKESLEE R J, KOSHAK W J, et al.. The GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) ［J］. Atmospheric Research, 2013, 125-126: 34-49.

[25] ZHOU Y, TIAN M, ZHANG Q L, et al.. Design and implementation of lightning identification system on meteorological satellite ［J］. Opt. Precision Eng., 2012, 20(7): 1587-1594. (in Chinese)

[26] BAO SH L, TANG SH F, LI Y F, et al.. Real-time detection technology of instantaneous point-source multi-target lightning signal on the geostationary orbit ［J］. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2012, 41(9): 2390-2395. (in Chinese)

[27] GRANDELL J, FINKE U, STUHLMANN R. The EUMETSAT Meteosat Third Generation Lightning Imager (MTG-LI): Applications and product processing［C］. Proceedings of the 9th EMS Annual Meeting, EMS, 2009.

[28] BOCCIPPIO D J, CUMMINS K L, CHRISTIAN H J, et al.. Combined satellite-and surface-based estimation of the intracloud cloud-to-ground lightning ratio over the continental United States ［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2001, 129(1): 108-122.

[29] WANG Y, QIE X SH, WANG D F, et al.. Beijing Lightning NETwork (BLNET): Configuration and preliminary results of lightning location ［J］. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2015, 39(3): 571-582. (in Chinese)

[30] WANG J, CHEN Y. Analysis of the 2009—2012 lightning distribution characteristics in China ［J］.Meteorological Monthly, 2015, 41(2): 160-170. (in Chinese)

[31] CHRISTIAN JR H J. Global lightning activity［C］. Proceedings of the AMS Annual Meeting, AMS, 2005.

[32] QIE X SH, ZHOU Y J, YUAN T. Global lightning activities and their regional differences observed from the satellite ［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2003, 46(6): 743-750, 885. (in Chinese)

[33] ZHU R P, YUAN T, LI W L, et al.. Characteristics of global lightning activities based on satellite observations ［J］. Climatic and Enviro nmental Research, 2013, 18(5): 639-650. (in Chinese)

[34] BOCCIPPIO D J, KOSHAK W J, BLAKESLEE R J. Performance assessment of the optical transient detector and lightning imaging sensor. Part I: Predicted diurnal variability ［J］. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2002, 19(9): 1318-1332.

[35] BEIRLE S, KOSHAK W, BLAKESLEE R, et al.. Global patterns of lightning properties derived by OTD and LIS ［J］. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2014, 14(10): 2715-2726.

[36] YUAN T, QIE X SH. TRMM-based study of lightning activity and its relationship with precipitation structure of a squall line in South China ［J］. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2010, 34(1): 58-70. (in Chinese)

[37] MA M, TAO SH CH, ZHU B Y, et al.. Response of global lightning activity to air temperature variation ［J］. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2005, 50(22): 2640-2644. (in Chinese)

[38] QIE X SH, LIU D X, SUN ZH L. Recent advances in research of lightning meteorology ［J］. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2014, 72(5): 1054-1068. (in Chinese)

[39] GOODMAN S J, CHRISTIAN H J, RUST W D. A comparison of the optical pulse characteristics of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning as observed above clouds ［J］.Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1988, 27(12): 1369-1381.

[40] CHRISTIAN H J, GOODMAN S J. Optical observations of lightning from a high-altitude airplane ［J］.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 1987, 4(4): 701-711.

[41] SHAO J, MA D M, NIE ZH W.Accurate test of optical wave front for optical imaging system ［J］. Opt. Precision Eng., 2011, 19(11): 2582-2588. (in Chinese)

[42] BOCCIPPIO D J, DRISCOLL K, HALL J, et al.. LIS/OTD Software Guide［R］. Huntsville: Global Hydrology and Climate Center, 1998.

[43] HAN X ZH. Discussion on design features of lightning mapper for geostationary satellite ［J］. Infrared, 2011, 32(3): 4-9. (in Chinese)

[44] KALLURI S, GURKA J, RACE R. Improved observations of Earth and space weather from GOES-R ［J］. SPIE, 2009, 7456: 74560M.

[45] BOCCIPPIO D J, DRISCOLL K, KOSHAK W, et al.. Cross-sensor validation of the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) ［J］. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 1998, 60(7-9): 701-712.

[46] USHIO T, HECKMAN S, DRISCOLL K, et al.. Cross-sensor comparison of the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) ［J］. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2002, 23(13): 2703-2712.

[47] THOMAS R J, KREHBIEL P R, RISON W, et al.. Comparison of ground-based 3-dimensional lightning mapping observations with satellite-based LIS observations in Oklahoma ［J］. Geophysical Research Letters, 2000, 27(12): 1703-1706.

[48] THOMPSON K B, BATEMAN M G, CAREY L D. A comparison of two ground-based lightning detection networks against the satellite-based Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) ［J］.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2014, 31(10): 2191-2205.

[49] SLOOP C, LIU C, HECKMAN S. Analysis of earth networks total lightning detection efficiency versus LIS for 2011 through 2013 in North America ［C］. Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface, American Meteorological Society, 2014.

[50] LIU CH L, HECKMAN S. The application of total lightning detection and cell tracking for severe weather prediction ［C］. Proceedings of the WMO Technical Conference on Instruments and Methods of Observation, 2010.

[51] FINKE U, KREYER O. Detect and locate lightning events from geostationary satellite observations, report part I: Review of existing lightning location systems ［R］. Technical Report EUM/CO/02/1016/SAT, 2002.

[52] MA M, TAO SH CH, ZHU B Y, et al.. Climatological distribution of lightning density observed by satellites in China and its circumjacent regions ［J］. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2005, 48(2): 219-229.(in Chinese)

[53] RUDLOSKY S D. Evaluating ground-based lightning detection networks using TRMM/LIS observations［C］. Proceedings of the 7th Conference on the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data, American Meteorological Society, 2015.

[54] RICHARD P, RICHARD O, RONALD H. The National Lightning Detection Network-severe storm observations［C］. Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, 1990.

[55] SOULA S, SEITY Y, FERAL L, et al.. Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hail-bearing storms ［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2004, 109(D2): D02101.

[56] ZHOU Y J, SUN L, YANG J, et al.. Characteristics of lightning activities over southwest and its circumjacent areas in China ［J］. High Voltage Engineering, 2009, 35(6): 1309-1315. (in Chinese)

[57] WANG Y G, LIU J, WANG J J, et al.. Temporal and spatial distributions of lightning activity in southwest China based on satellite observations ［J］. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences, 2010, 33(4): 489-495. (in Chinese)

[58] LI J Q, SHEN SH H, XIA B CH, et al.. Analysis of lightning frequency distribution characteristics based on ADTD system ［J］. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 2011, 27(5): 710-716. (in Chinese)

[59] QIE X SH, YUAN T, XIE Y R, et al.. Spatial and temporal distribution of lightning activities over the Tibetan Plateau ［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2004, 47(6): 997-1002. (in Chinese)

[60] QI P CH, ZHENG D, ZHANG Y J, et al.. Climatological characteristics and spatio-temporal correspondence of lightning and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau ［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2016, 27(4): 488-497. (in Chinese)

[61] ZHANG SH L, KU T, ZHOU H. Accelerate K-means for multi-center clustering of big datasets ［J］.Application Research of Computers, 2016, 33(2): 413-416. (in Chinese)