Fig. 1. Basic structure of liquid crystal optical device^[20]

Fig. 2. Diagrams of liquid crystal molecule rotation^[21].(a) No voltage is applied; (b) voltage is applied

Fig. 3. Laser induced damage thresholds of ITO films with different thicknesses^[29]. (a) 300 nm; (b) 100 nm; (c) 50 nm

Fig. 4. Microstructures and spectra of ITO films with different thicknesses^[29]. (a) Microstructures; (b) spectra

Fig. 5. Degeneration of surface state of 90-nm ITO film observed by optical microscope with laser irradiation energy and damage size^[32]

Fig. 6. Damage of ITO film in Fig. 5 induced by energy density of 4.5 J/cm² observed by scanning electron microscope (the scale bar is 400 nm)^[32]

Fig. 7. Laser induced damage thresholds of ITO films (with thickness in the range from 10 nm to 100 nm) irradiated by pulses with different pulse durations (threshold temperature represented by the solid line is 1800 K, and threshold temperature represented by the dotted line is 1000 K)^[34]

Fig. 8. Typical damage morphologies of PI film under different laser irradiation. (a)-(c) Ultraviolet ps laser with wavelength of 355 nm; (d)-(f) near-infrared ps laser with wavelength of 1064 nm^[44]

Fig. 9. Typical damage morphologies of PI film irradiated by the quasi-continuous nanosecond laser with the repetition rate of 20 kHz^[45]. (a) Result observed by the white light interferometer (the parameter of the irradiated laser: 20.7 J/cm², 50 pluses); (b) result observed by the microscopy (the parameter of the irradiated laser: 23 J/cm², 500 pluses); (c) result observed by the SEM (the parameter of the irradiated laser: 19 J/cm

Fig. 10. Judgment of laser damage of liquid crystal material using image subtraction^[57]. (a) Image before laser irradiation; (b) image after laser irradiation; (c) result that the image before laser irradiation is subtracted from the image after laser irradiation

Fig. 11. Migration of the liquid crystal material under different control modes^[28]. (a) Under irradiation of high power continuous laser; (b) under heating of temperature controller

Table 1. Carrier density and carrier mobility of ITO films with different thicknesses^[29]

Table 2. Laser induced damage thresholds of liquid crystal optical devices and its components^[25]