To overcome the shortcomings of current infrared and visible image fusion algorithms, such as non-prominent targets and the loss of many textural details, a novel infrared and visible image fusion algorithm based on Gaussian fuzzy logic and the adaptive dual-channel spiking cortical model (ADCSCM) is proposed in this paper. First, the source infrared and visible images are decomposed into low- and high-frequency parts by non-subsampled shearlet transform (NSST). Then, these are combined with the new sum of the Laplacian and Gaussian fuzzy logic, and dual thresholds are set to guide the fusion of the low-frequency part; simultaneously, the fusion rule based on the ADCSCM is used to guide the fusion of the high-frequency part. Finally, the fused low- and high-frequency parts are reconstructed using inverse NSST to obtain the fused image. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has the best subjective visual effect and is better than the other seven fusion algorithms in terms of mutual information, information entropy, and standard deviation. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can effectively highlight the infrared target, retain more textural details, and improve the quality of the fused image.