The optoelectronic reservoir computing system based on delayed-feedback structure is a kind of analog optical signal processing system with simple-software and simple-hardware design. If it is successfully applied to the real-time recognition of ventricular premature beats, it is of great significance for the effective prevention and early treatment of ECG diseases. In this paper, an optoelectronic reservoir computing model was established using a Mach-Zundel modulator with an optoelectronic feedback loop, and the ventricular premature beat electrocardiogram was recognized. The key parameters of the model were analyzed and optimized. For example, the effects of feedback strength β, input gain γ, number of virtual nodes N on electrocardiogram recognition were analyzed. The best recognition normalized mean square error (NMSE) was 0.080 9, the best recognition rate was 94%, and the sensitivity was 94.9%. The results indicate that the optoelectronic reservoir computing system exhibits a good performance in ventricular premature beats recognition, and simplifies the complexity of current electrocardiogram recognition algorithms.