Based on the bidirectional reflectance model, the polarization characteristics and spectral radiosities of four space target samples, such as carbon fiber, carburizing film, F46 and OSR, were measured. By calculating the Stokes parameters of the samples, the degrees of linear polarization and polarization orientations under multiple observing angles were obtained and recorded. The statistical results show that, the different samples have great differences in average and variance of the degree of linear polarization and Orientation. The analysis of the difference between the average and variance of samples can improve the effects in detecting and identifying simples efficiently and solve the “Same object with different spectrums” and “Foreign body in the same spectrum” problems occurred in spectroscopic techniques. The polarization property provides more optical information for remote sensing, which is an effective and reliable method for target recognition.