In order to realize the laser one-dimensional range profile detection with long distance and high resolution and the echo feature analysis of space targets, on the basis of establishing one-dimensional heterodyne detection model of point target laser range image, furthermore the laser one-dimensional range profile of 3-D target is obtained by means of 3-D modeling. The differences and relations among the one-dimensional range profile acquired by optical heterodyne detection of a specific target, its range-resolved laser radar cross section and pulsed laser one-dimensional range profile are compared. The effects of target size, attitude, frequency modulation bandwidth and surface material on the target laser one-dimensional range profile are analyzed. The experiment result shows that the target one-dimensional range profile can reflect the shape features. The conclusions can provide references for analysis of target characteristics and target recognition.