The light distribution and localization in different kinds of one dimensional periodic structure (PS) are studied by using the method of transfer matrix. The results show that when light incident with the band gap frequency, most part of light is reflected and an attenuated standing wave exists in the PS. The emphasis is placed on the localization of light with the frequency of band gap edge in the PS. By introducing appropriate defect layers inside the PS,light localization can be extremely enhanced. In addition, the different distributions induced by light incident from the left side and from the right side of special PS embedded with definite defect layers would be very useful for the optical diode realization through light nonlinear modulation. In absorptive PS, light field attenuates rapidly with the increase of depth and extinction coefficient.