Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for the imaging system. HWP, half-wave plate; M, mirror; PBS, polarizing beam splitter; AOM, acousto-optic modulator; L, lens; BS, beam splitter; PD, photodetector; DMD, digital micromirror device.

Fig. 2. Amplitude imaging of a stained epithelial cell specimen. (a) A slice of epithelial cells with red staining, highlighting distinct cellular structures, captured using a commercial microscope system. The yellow dashed diamonds indicate the regions of interest selected for further imaging with the SPI system. Scale bar: 20 $\mathrm{\mu m}$. (b), (c) High-resolution amplitude images of the marked region, obtained using the developed SPI system, showcasing fine structural details and variations in staining intensity.

Fig. 3. Amplitude imaging of stained esophageal cancer tissues using the SPI system. (a) A stained section of esophageal cancer tissues captured using a commercial microscope, highlighting muscle fibers in red-stained regions, with the yellow dashed diamond marking the region of interest analyzed by SPI. Scale bar: 20 $\mathrm{\mu m}$. (b) SPI amplitude image of the marked region in (a), showcasing fine structural details and variations in tissue density. (c) A stained tissue section depicting macrophage cells within the tumor microenvironment, with the yellow dashed diamond indicating the region analyzed by SPI. (d) SPI amplitude image of the selected area in (c), resolving cellular boundaries and subcellular features with high precision, demonstrating the SPI system’s capability for detailed tissue analysis.

Fig. 4. Phase imaging of an unstained HER2 amplification sample using the SPI system. (a) Bright-field image of the unstained sample, with two regions of interest marked by red dashed diamonds. Scale bar: 50 $\mathrm{\mu m}$. (b) Amplitude images of the selected regions, highlighting structural density variations. (c) Phase images of the same regions, revealing refractive index variations and intricate structural details within the specimen, providing complementary insights into amplitude imaging.

Fig. 5. Phase imaging of unstained mouse brain tissue slices using the SPI system. (a) Bright-field image of the unstained sample, with two regions of interest marked by red dashed diamonds. Scale bar: 50 $\mathrm{\mu m}$. (b) Amplitude images of the selected regions, highlighting structural density variations. (c) Phase images of the same regions, revealing refractive index variations and intricate structural details within the specimen, providing complementary insights into detailed tissue analysis.