The rheological properties of cement paste are not only related to its proportion, but also influenced by the environmental effects. In this paper, considering the main external effect factors existed in the actual engineering of cement-based materials, the influences of temperature and shear rate on the rheology of cement paste with low water-to-binder ratio were investigated. The results show that the rheological properties of cement paste are related to the pre-shearing before data logging, the yield stress decreases and shear-thickening intensity increases with the increasing pre-shearing rate. The superplasticizer adsorption on cement particles increases and the apparent viscosity at equilibrium decreases with the elevating temperature. Besides, the effects of temperature and shear rate on the equilibrium apparent viscosity of cement paste have a coupling effect. The higher the shear rate, the smaller the effect of temperature, and vice versa. The mathematical relationship of equilibrium apparent viscosity under different temperatures and shear rates is established.