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Journals >Acta Photonica Sinica >Volume 51 >Issue 10 >Page 1012001 > Article

Acta Photonica Sinica
Vol. 51, Issue 10, 1012001 (2022)

Development and Applications of Laser Induced Fluorescence Photobleaching Anemometer（Invited）

Wei ZHAO¹, Yu CHEN¹, Zhongyan HU¹, Chen ZHANG¹..., Guiren WANG², Kaige WANG^1,* and Jintao BAI¹|Show fewer author(s)

Author Affiliations

¹Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology，State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy，National Center for International Research of Photoelectric Technology & Nano-functional Materials and Application，Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology of Shaanxi Province，Northwest University，Xi'an 710127，China

²Department of Mechanical Engineering and Program of Biomedical Engineering，University of South Carolina，Columbia，South Carolina 29208，USA

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DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20225110.1012001 Cite this Article

Wei ZHAO, Yu CHEN, Zhongyan HU, Chen ZHANG, Guiren WANG, Kaige WANG, Jintao BAI. Development and Applications of Laser Induced Fluorescence Photobleaching Anemometer（Invited）[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2022, 51(10): 1012001 Copy Citation Text

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Schematic diagram of velocity measurement by µPIV

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of velocity measurement by µPIV

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Schematic diagram of laser grid for MTV

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of laser grid for MTV

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Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of typical OCT

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Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of MRV velocity measurement for gas flow profiling in open-cell foams^［90］

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Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of velocity measurement by LIFPA

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Fig. 6. Velocity calibration curve of LIFPA^［95］

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Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of a typical LIFPA system based on different microscopes

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Fig. 8. Normalized fluorescent intensity distribution

\overset{̑}{I_{f, l o c a l}}

along streamwise direction（x）at different flow velocity under a high

K

^［102］

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Fig. 9. Parametrical studies on the photobleaching time constant^{［97，102］}

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Fig. 10. Velocity profiles in cylindrical and rectangular microchannels^［104］

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Fig. 11. Velocity profile in a nanocapillary^［93］

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Fig. 12. Measuring the rise time of electroosmotic flow and its distribution in a microcapillary^［105］

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Fig. 13. Diagram of the electrokinetic micromixer and the experimental results on velocity field^［100］

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Fig. 14. Statistics of velocity and velocity structures^［101］

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Fig. 15. Diagram of ACEOF microchannel and the experimental results by LIFPA^［95］

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Fig. 16. Time series of dimensionless velocity fluctuations in oscillating electroosmotic flow^［109］

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Fig. 17. Velocity power spectra at different AC frequency and the influence of the control parameters on the state of the electroosmotic flow^［113］

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Velocity measurement techniques	Principles	Specifications	Applications and requirements
µPIV	Taking particle images in the field of interest. Calculating the displacements of particles between two adjacent frames. Then，by dividing the time interval of the two adjacent images，the velocity field can be obtained	√ 2D/3D velocity field √ Non-invasive √ Euler representation √ Relatively high temporal（~30 μs）and spatial（order of μm）resolutions × Suffers the influence of particle lagging and electric field	Need to add particle tracers in the working fluid，appropriate for gas or liquid with good transparency，e.g. water，blood，oil and etc
PTV	Taking particle images in the field of interest. Calculating the displacements of particles between two adjacent frames. Then，by dividing the time interval of the two adjacent images，the velocity field can be obtained	√ 2D/3D velocity field √ Non-invasive √ Lagrange representation √ Velocity field near complex boundary √ Translational and rotational velocity fields √ Relatively high temporal（~30 μs）and spatial（~submicrons）resolutions √ Suffers the influence of particle lagging and electric field	Need to add particle tracers in the working fluid，appropriate for gas or liquid with good transparency，e.g. water，blood，oil and etc
MTV	Mark the flow field which is mixed with long-lifetime fluorescent molecules by laser-induced fluorescence with modulated light patterns，e.g. parallel lines，grids，spot array/matrix. Monitoring the movement/deformation of the patterns by taking images. Calculating the displacement of flow through the movement/deformation of the patterns between two adjacent images. Then，the velocity field can be calculated based on the displacement and the time interval of two adjacent images	√ 2D velocity field √ Non-invasive √ Tracing the flow by long-lifetime fluorescent molecules. Visualize the flow field simultaneously. √ Avoid the influence of particle lagging and electric field × Complex algorithms × Relatively low temporal resolution（~ms），but high spatial resolution（~submicrons）in microfluidics × Inappropriate for continuous measurement in complex and temporally fluctuated flow fields	Need to add long-lifetime fluorescent dye in the working fluid，appropriate for gas or liquid with good transparency
OCT	Capturing the images of particles in the flow field by OCT. Calculating the displacements of particles between two adjacent frames. Then，by dividing the time interval of the two adjacent images，the velocity field can be obtained	√ 2D velocity field √ Non-invasive √ Appropriate for low-transparency fluids × Relatively high spatial resolution（order of μm），but poor temporal resolution × Proper particle concentration in the fluids	Low-transparency fluids with particles/cells/tissues and etc，e.g. biofluids
MRV	Capturing the images of particles/samples in the flow field by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Calculating the displacements of particles/samples between two adjacent frames. Then，by dividing the time interval of the two adjacent images，the velocity field can be obtained	√ 2D velocity field √ Non-invasive √ Appropriate for non-transparent fluids × Low temporal and spatial（order of mm）resolutions × A strong magnetic field is applied during imaging of the flow field，where metallic materials should be avoided	Non-transparent fluids with particles/cells/tissues/bubbles and etc，e.g. biofluids
LIFPA	Calculating flow velocity by measuring the fluorescence after photobleaching，relying on the velocity-fluorescence relationship	× 1D velocity magnitude × Single point × Need calibration √ Non-invasive √ High temporal resolution（order of μs） √ High/Super spatial resolution（~200 nm/70 nm） √ Avoid the influence of particle lagging and electric field	Need to add fluorescent dye with relatively poor photostability in the working fluid，appropriate for uniform liquid with good transparency and low autofluorescence

Table 1. Common flow velocity measurement techniques in microfluidics

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Diameter/μm	Experimental/ms	Theoretical/ms	Deviation/%
50	0.69	0.43	60
75	1.39	1.01	37

Table 2.

τ_{r}

in the center of microcapillary channels with different inner diameters^［105］

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Wei ZHAO, Yu CHEN, Zhongyan HU, Chen ZHANG, Guiren WANG, Kaige WANG, Jintao BAI. Development and Applications of Laser Induced Fluorescence Photobleaching Anemometer（Invited）[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2022, 51(10): 1012001

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