A kind of orbit determination technology for a space target based on satellite borne electro-optical imaging, tracking and ranging was proposed to obtain the orbit movement information of the space target. On the basis of surveying, the relative movement information between satellite and target was obtained by the satellite borne optical measuring system, the angle flowing information of satellite attitude angles and rotation angles of tracking frame was captured by corresponding angle sensors, and the absolute motion information of the space target in an earth coordinate system was computed completely through a series of coordinate transformations. The state equation and measurement equation of the target in earth coordinate system were gained after describing physical model, coordinate systems and basic principle in turn. Furthermore, a mathematic simulation was researched after analyzing many models including space-based surveillance satellite orbit, opto-electronic tracking and control, target characteristics and optical imaging and ranging, and the computation results were discussed.The experiments show that the precision of orbit determination is better than 0.5 km for ideal models.