Author Affiliations
1State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, Xi''an, Shaanxi 710049, China2State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi''an Jiaotong University, Xi''an, Shaanxi 710049, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Morphologies of experimental powders under scanning electron microscope. (a) TC4 spherical powders; (b) boron powders; (c) TC4/B mixed powders under low-power scanning electron microscope; (d) TC4/B mixed powder under high-power scanning electron microscope
Fig. 2. Dimension of formed specimen and standard smooth bar specimen for low-cycle fatigue test. (a) Laser melting deposited sample; (b) standard specimen for low-cycle fatigue test
Fig. 3. Low-cycle fatigue strain-life curves of solid solution-aged boron-modified TC4 titanium alloy deposited via laser melting
Fig. 4. Strain life curves of solid solution-aged boron-modified TC4 titanium alloy deposited via laser melting and annealed TC4 forging
Fig. 5. Microstructures of TC4 titanium alloys. (a) Annealed TC4 forging; (b) solid solution-aged boron-modified TC4 titanium alloy deposited via laser melting
Fig. 6. Schematics of crack propagation of two microstructures. (a) Basket microstructure; (b) two-state microstructure
Fig. 7. Hysteresis loops at different strain amplitudes and cyclic softening ratio as a function of strain amplitude. (a) Hysteresis loop at 0.45% strain amplitude; (b) hysteresis loop at 0.6% strain amplitude; (c) hysteresis loop at 0.7% strain amplitude; (d) hysteresis loop at 0.8% strain amplitude; (e) hysteresis loop at 1.0% strain amplitude; (f) cyclic softening ratio as a function of strain amplitude
Fig. 8. Variations of maximum stress and plastic strain amplitude with cycle numbers. (a) Variation of maximum stress with cycle numbers; (b) variation of plastic strain amplitude with cycle numbers
Fig. 9. Low-cycle fatigue fracture morphologies of solid solution-aged boron-modified TC4 titanium alloy obtained via laser melting deposition. (a) Overall morphology of fracture; (b) fatigue crack source area morphology
Fig. 10. Fracture morphologies of low-cycle fatigue crack growth zone. (a) Gradually wide fringe spacing; (b) secondary cracks
Fig. 11. Fracture morphologies of low-cycle fatigue specimens in the transient fracture zone. (a) Macromorphology of transient fracture zone; (b) dissociation steps under scanning electron microscope
Fig. 12. Fatigue fractures of normal and abnormal failure specimens. (a)(b) Normal specimens; (c)(d) abnormal failure specimens
Element | Al | V | Fe | C | O | N | H | Ti |
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Mass fraction /% | 6.1 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.13 | <0.01 | 0.001 | Bal. |
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Table 1. Main chemical composition of TC4 powders
Laserpower /W | Laser spotdiameter /mm | Scanning speed /(mm·s-1) | Powder delivery /(g·min-1) | Lapdistance /mm | Liftamount /mm | Power density /(J·mm-2) |
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210 | 0.5 | 10 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 30.5 |
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Table 2. Laser melting deposition parameters of TC4 titanium alloy
No. | Total strainamplitude /% | Elasticstrain /% | Plasticstrain /% | Failurereversal number | Stressamplitude /MPa | Note |
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1-1 | 1.0 | 0.754 | 0.246 | 2290 | 868 | | 1-2 | 1.0 | 0.776 | 0.224 | 1628 | 893 | | 1-3 | 1.0 | 0.779 | 0.221 | 1258 | 903 | | 2-1 | 0.8 | 0.690 | 0.110 | 4674 | 807 | | 2-2 | 0.8 | 0.710 | 0.090 | 3390 | 817 | | 2-3 | 0.8 | 0.680 | 0.120 | 4016 | 779 | | 3-1 | 0.7 | 0.670 | 0.030 | 8078 | 780 | | 3-2 | 0.7 | 0.630 | 0.070 | 7690 | 739 | | 3-3 | 0.7 | | | 9004 | | Off the gauge | 4-1 | 0.6 | 0.595 | 0.005 | 27838 | 706 | | 4-2 | 0.6 | 0.598 | 0.002 | 17084 | 699 | | 4-3 | 0.6 | | | 8004 | | Off the gauge | 5-1 | 0.45 | 0.450 | 0 | 90758 | 529 | | 5-2 | 0.45 | 0.450 | 0 | 122814 | 533 | | 5-3 | 0.45 | | | 103924 | | Off the gauge |
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Table 3. Measured room temperature low-cycle fatigue property of solid solution-aged boron-modified TC4 titanium alloy deposited via laser melting