Fig. 1. Multi-pulse multiphoton polymerization nanofabrication^[23]. (a) Sketch of nanofabrication; (b) nanostructure profiles at different refractive index variations

Fig. 2. SEM images of polymerizable liquid crystal systems after processing^[24]. (a) Two-dimensional grating; (b) two-dimensional lattice

Fig. 3. Compartmentalized out-of-plane alignment technology of liquid crystals^[16]. (a) Schematic of two-photon polymerization based direct laser writing; (b) structural diagram of polymer ribbons obtained by developing; (c) structural diagram of collapsed polymer ribbons by rinsing with developing liquids in perpendicular direction; (d) top view of SEM image of sidewall structure of single polymer ribbon

Fig. 4. Liquid crystal cell^[16]. (a)Structural diagram of liquid crystal cell with collapsed polymer ribbon on bottom substrate and rubbed polyimide layer on top substrate; (b) polarized optical microscope (POM) image of liquid crystal cell under crossed polarizer configuration; (c) POM image of liquid crystal cell under parallel polarizer configuration

Fig. 5. Schematic of orientation principle of liquid crystal molecules in polymer ribbons

Fig. 6. Liquid crystal cell with Z-shaped microstructure ^[16]. (a) Sketch of director distributions of liquid crystal molecules in Z-shaped polymer pattern; (b)(c) transmission POM images of liquid crystal cell with Z-shaped microstructure under polarized microscopes with different configurations

Fig. 7. Tunable diffraction grating^[19]. (a) POM image for 0° between polymer ribbon and polarization direction (P) of incident light; (b) POM image for 45° between polymer ribbon and polarization direction (P) of incident light; (c) diffraction efficiency and effective transmitivity as functions of applied voltage for p-polarized light; (d) diffraction efficiency and effective transmitivity as functions of applied voltage for s-polarized light

Fig. 8. POM images of 1D polymer ribbon structure filled with ferromagnetic nematic liquid crystalline material for different orientation angles of grating structure with respect to polarization direction of incident light

Fig. 9. Liquid crystal q-plate^[20]. (a) Radial structure of polymer ribbons; (b) transmission POM image for 0° orthogonal configuration; (c) transmission POM image for 45° orthogonal configuration; (d) transmission POM image for 90° orthogonal configuration; (e) transmission POM image for 135° orthogonal configuration; (f) sketch of liquid crystal alignment induced by ribbon pattern; (g) special light field generated by liquid crystal q-plate

Fig. 10. Transmission POM images of different liquid crystal q-plates and generated light fields^[30]. (a)Isometric spiral polymer strips, and POM image for 0° orthogonal configuration; (b) isometric spiral polymer strips, and POM image for 45° orthogonal configuration; (c) fingerprint-like structure, and POM image for 0° orthogonal configuration; (d) fingerprint-like structure, and POM image for 45° orthogonal configuration; (e) vortex light field generat

Fig. 11. Cholesteric liquid crystal and its properties^[21]. (a) Sketch of multiple defect layers in cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) and simulated transmission spectra of right-circularly-polarized (RCP) light with varying number of structural units; (b)(c) dispersion diagrams of CLC and defect modes (A and B) formed in MDL-CLC for RCP light in the first Brillouin zone; (d) group velocity corresponding to mini-band