Active terahertz beam manipulation with photonic spin conversion based on a liquid crystal Pancharatnam–Berry metadevice

Hui-Jun Zhao; Fei Fan; Yun-Yun Ji; Song-Lin Jiang; Zhi-Yu Tan; Sheng-Jiang Chang

doi:10.1364/PRJ.471282

[1] P. U. Jepsen, D. G. Cooke, M. Koch. Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging-modern techniques and applications. Laser Photon. Rev., 5, 124-166(2011).

[2] Z. Chen, X. Y. Ma, C. Han, Q. Y. Wen. Towards intelligent reflecting surface empowered 6G terahertz communications: a survey. China Commun., 18, 93-119(2021).

[3] X. J. Fu, F. Yang, C. X. Liu, X. J. Wu, T. J. Cui. Terahertz beam steering technologies: from phased arrays to field-programmable metasurfaces. Adv. Opt. Mater., 8, 1900628(2020).

[4] X. D. Cai, R. Tang, H. Y. Zhou, Q. S. Li, S. J. Ma, D. Y. Wang, T. Liu, X. H. Ling, W. Tan, Q. He, S. Y. Xiao, L. Zhou. Dynamically controlling terahertz wavefronts with cascaded metasurfaces. Adv. Photon., 3, 036003(2021).

[5] Y. Y. Cheng, Y. You, D. Zhu, Y. X. Wang, Z. R. Zhao. Reflection removal using dual-polarization and saliency in millimeter-wave and terahertz imaging. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote, 59, 9439-9447(2021).

[6] H. Guerboukha, K. Nallappan, M. Skorobogatiy. Toward real-time terahertz imaging. Adv. Opt. Photon., 10, 843-938(2018).

[7] Z. Y. Zhang, G. Yang, F. Fan, C. Z. Zhong, Y. Yuan, X. D. Zhang, S. J. Chang. Terahertz circular dichroism sensing of living cancer cells based on microstructure sensor. Anal. Chim. Acta, 1180, 338871(2021).

[8] X. B. Yin, Z. L. Ye, J. Rho, Y. Wang, X. Zhang. Photonic spin Hall effect at metasurfaces. Science, 339, 1405-1407(2013).

[9] X. H. Ling, X. X. Zhou, X. N. Yi, W. X. Shu, Y. C. Liu, S. Z. Chen, H. L. Luo, S. C. Wen, D. Y. Fan. Giant photonic spin Hall effect in momentum space in a structured metamaterial with spatially varying birefringence. Light Sci. Appl., 4, e290(2015).

[10] M. Jia, Z. Wang, H. T. Li, X. K. Wang, W. J. Luo, S. L. Sun, Y. Zhang, Q. He, L. Zhou. Efficient manipulations of circularly polarized terahertz waves with transmissive metasurfaces. Light Sci. Appl., 8, 16(2019).

[11] W. G. Zhu, H. D. Zheng, Y. C. Zhong, J. H. Yu, Z. Chen. Wave-vector-varying Pancharatnam-Berry phase photonic spin Hall effect. Phys. Rev. Lett., 126, 083901(2021).

[12] R. S. Xie, G. H. Zhai, X. Wang, D. J. Zhang, L. M. Si, H. L. Zhang, J. Ding. High-efficiency ultrathin dual-wavelength Pancharatnam-Berry metasurfaces with complete independent phase control. Adv. Opt. Mater., 7, 1900594(2019).

[13] W. J. Luo, S. L. Sun, H. X. Xu, Q. He, L. Zhou. Transmissive ultrathin Pancharatnam-Berry metasurfaces with nearly 100% efficiency. Phys. Rev. Appl., 7, 044033(2017).

[14] Z. Y. Tan, F. Fan, T. F. Li, S. J. Chang. Magnetically active terahertz wavefront control and superchiral field in a magneto-optical Pancharatnam-Berry metasurface. Opt. Express, 29, 2037-2048(2021).

[15] Y. J. Wang, Q. M. Chen, W. H. Yang, Z. H. Ji, L. M. Jin, X. Ma, Q. H. Song, A. Boltasseva, J. C. Han, V. M. Shalaev, S. M. Xiao. High-efficiency broadband achromatic metalens for near-IR biological imaging window. Nat. Commun., 12, 5560(2021).

[16] L. L. Huang, S. Zhang, T. Zentgraf. Metasurface holography: from fundamentals to applications. Nanophotonics, 7, 1169-1190(2018).

[17] J. Qiao, S. P. Wang, Z. M. Wang, C. He, S. Q. Zhao, X. X. Xiong, S. L. Wang, X. X. Zhang, X. T. Tao. Ultrasensitive and broadband all-optically controlled THz modulator based on MoTe₂/Si van der Waals heterostructure. Adv. Opt. Mater., 8, 2000160(2020).

[18] A. C. Tasolamprou, A. D. Koulouklidis, C. Daskalaki, C. P. Mavidis, G. Kenanakis, G. Deligeorgis, Z. Viskadourakis, P. Kuzhir, S. Tzortzakis, M. Kafesaki, E. N. Economou, C. M. Soukoulis. Experimental demonstration of ultrafast THz modulation in a graphene-based thin film absorber through negative photoinduced conductivity. ACS Photon., 6, 720-727(2019).

[19] X. B. Liu, Q. Wang, X. Q. Zhang, H. Li, Q. Xu, Y. H. Xu, X. Y. Chen, S. X. Li, M. Liu, Z. Tian, C. H. Zhang, C. W. Zou, J. G. Han, W. L. Zhang. Thermally dependent dynamic meta-holography using a vanadium dioxide integrated metasurface. Adv. Opt. Mater., 7, 1900175(2019).

[20] H. J. Zhao, F. Fan, T. R. Zhang, Y. Y. Ji, S. J. Chang. Dynamic terahertz anisotropy and chirality enhancement in liquid-crystal anisotropic dielectric metasurfaces. Photon. Res., 10, 1097-1106(2022).

[21] J. Li, Y. T. Zhang, J. N. Li, X. Yan, L. J. Liang, Z. Zhang, J. Huang, J. H. Li, Y. Yang, J. Q. Yao. Amplitude modulation of anomalously reflected terahertz beams using all-optical active Pancharatnam-Berry coding metasurfaces. Nanoscale, 11, 5746-5753(2019).

[22] T. T. Kim, H. Kim, M. Kenney, H. S. Park, H. D. Kim, B. Min, S. Zhang. Amplitude modulation of anomalously refracted terahertz waves with gated-graphene metasurfaces. Adv. Opt. Mater., 6, 1700507(2018).

[23] X. Zhang, F. Fan, Y. Y. Ji, S. J. Chang. Temperature-dependent chirality of cholesteric liquid crystal for terahertz waves. Opt. Lett., 45, 4988-4991(2020).

[24] Y. Y. Ji, F. Fan, Z. Y. Zhang, J. R. Cheng, S. J. Chang. Active terahertz liquid crystal device with carbon nanotube film as both alignment layer and transparent electrodes. Carbon, 190, 376-383(2022).

[25] G. Isic, B. Vasic, D. C. Zografopoulos, R. Beccherelli, R. Gajic. Electrically tunable critically coupled terahertz metamaterial absorber based on nematic liquid crystals. Phys. Rev. Appl., 3, 064007(2015).

[26] Y. Y. Ji, F. Fan, M. Chen, L. Yang, S. J. Chang. Terahertz artificial birefringence and tunable phase shifter based on dielectric metasurface with compound lattice. Opt. Express, 25, 11405-11413(2017).

[27] Z. X. Shen, S. H. Zhou, S. J. Ge, W. Hu, Y. Q. Lu. Liquid crystal enabled dynamic cloaking of terahertz Fano resonators. Appl. Phys. Lett., 114, 041106(2019).

[28] X. Q. Chen, K. D. Li, R. Zhang, S. K. Gupta, A. K. Srivastava, E. Pickwell-MacPherson. Highly efficient ultra-broadband terahertz modulation using bidirectional switching of liquid crystals. Adv. Opt. Mater., 7, 1901321(2019).

[29] P. Chen, B. Y. Wei, W. Hu, Y. Q. Lu. Liquid-crystal-mediated geometric phase: from transmissive to broadband reflective planar optics. Adv. Mater., 32, 1903665(2020).

[30] L. Wu, X. R. Wang, X. X. He, Z. Q. Huang, X. N. Huang, C. D. Xiong. Arbitrary multiple beam forming by two cascaded liquid crystal optical phased arrays. Opt. Express, 26, 17066-17077(2018).

[31] A. Komar, R. Paniagua-Dominguez, A. Miroshnichenko, Y. F. Yu, Y. S. Kivshar, A. I. Kuznetsov, D. Neshev. Dynamic beam switching by liquid crystal tunable dielectric metasurfaces. ACS Photon., 5, 1742-1748(2018).

[32] J. Shabanpour, M. Sedaghat, V. Nayyeri, H. Oraizi, O. M. Ramahi. Real-time multi-functional near-infrared wave manipulation with a 3-bit liquid crystal based coding metasurface. Opt. Express, 29, 14525-14535(2021).

[33] J. B. Wu, Z. Shen, S. J. Ge, B. W. Chen, Z. X. Shen, T. F. Wang, C. H. Zhang, W. Hu, K. B. Fan, W. Padilla, Y. Q. Lu, B. B. Jin, J. Chen, P. H. Wu. Liquid crystal programmable metasurface for terahertz beam steering. Appl. Phys. Lett., 116, 131104(2020).

[34] B. Vasic, G. Isic, R. Beccherelli, D. C. Zografopoulos. Tunable beam steering at terahertz frequencies using reconfigurable metasurfaces coupled with liquid crystals. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 26, 7701609(2020).

[35] C. X. Liu, F. Yang, X. J. Fu, J. W. Wu, L. Zhang, J. Yang, T. J. Cui. Programmable manipulations of terahertz beams by transmissive digital coding metasurfaces based on liquid crystals. Adv. Opt. Mater., 9, 2100932(2021).

[36] X. J. Fu, L. Shi, J. Yang, Y. Fu, C. X. Liu, J. W. Wu, F. Yang, L. Bao, T. J. Cui. Flexible terahertz beam manipulations based on liquid-crystal-integrated programmable metasurfaces. ACS Appl. Mater. Interface, 14, 22287-22294(2022).

[37] Z. X. Shen, M. J. Tang, P. Chen, S. H. Zhou, S. J. Ge, W. Duan, T. Wei, X. Liang, W. Hu, Y. Q. Lu. Planar terahertz photonics mediated by liquid crystal polymers. Adv. Opt. Mater., 8, 1902124(2020).

[38] Z. Y. Tan, F. Fan, S. J. Chang. Active broadband manipulation of terahertz photonic spin based on gyrotropic pancharatnam-berry metasurface. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 26, 4700108(2020).

[39] W. J. Luo, S. Y. Xiao, Q. He, S. L. Sun, L. Zhou. Photonic spin Hall effect with nearly 100% efficiency. Adv. Opt. Mater., 3, 1102-1108(2015).

[40] Y. Y. Ji, F. Fan, Z. Y. Zhang, Z. Y. Tan, X. Zhang, Y. W. Yuan, J. R. Cheng, S. J. Chang. Active terahertz spin state and optical chirality in liquid crystal chiral metasurface. Phys. Rev. Mater., 5, 085201(2021).

[41] C. Menzel, C. Rockstuhl, F. Lederer. Advanced Jones calculus for the classification of periodic metamaterials. Phys. Rev. A, 82, 053811(2010).

[42] Z. J. Wang, F. Cheng, T. Winsor, Y. M. Liu. Optical chiral metamaterials: a review of the fundamentals, fabrication methods and applications. Nanotechnology, 27, 412001(2016).