A highly sensitive temperature sensor was developed using a thin-walled SiO₂ hollow microrod resonator (SHMR) to excite Lorentz resonance and Fano resonance. The SHMR has a high Q factor (3.16 × 10⁷) and concise resonance modes. Moreover, the SHMR has a small wall thickness, which can effectively improve the sensitivity of the temperature sensor. The experimental results show that the sensitivity reaches 24.78 pm/°C under Lorentz resonance and further improves to 31.28 pm/°C under Fano resonance. By further reducing the wall thickness of the SHMR, the sensitivity under Lorentz resonance is increased to 34.34 pm/°C. The sensor in this study has the advantages of low cost, simple structure, high sensitivity, and satisfactory repeatability.