Author Affiliations
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi an Jiaotong University, Xi an 710049, Shaanxi, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of MRPL-SC liposomes. (a) MRPL-SC synthesis and MMP-2 responsive release; (b) dual-responsive drug release and mechanisms to improve photodynamic immunotherapy of MRPL-SC in tumor
Fig. 2. MALDI-TOF spectrometry detection results. (a) MRP; (b) MRP-β-CD; (c) DSPE-PEG(3400)-Mal; (d) DSPE-PEG(3400)-MRP-β-CD
Fig. 3. Characterization of MRPL-SC. (a) Synthesis schematic of MRPL-SC; (b) particle size distributions and Cryo-TEM characterization of MRPL-C and MRPL-SC loaded with SB-3CT; (c) UV-vis spectra of free SB-CT, Ce6 and liposomes, where blank loads no drug, MRPL-C loads only Ce6, MRPL-S loads only SB-3CT, and MRPL-SC loads both Ce6 and SB-3CT; (d) singlet oxygen generation
Fig. 4. MMP-2 responsiveness of MRPL. (a) Drug release schematic illustration of MRPL-SC with MMP-2 responsive; (b) particle size distributions and Cryo-TEM images of MRPL-SC incubated with rhMMP-2; (c) SB-3CT release curves of MRPL-SC incubated with different mass concentrations of MMP-2; (d) Ce6 release before and after laser triggering
Fig. 5. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of MRPLs in vitro. (a) Fluorescent images of Ce6 uptake by A375 cells (scale bar: 10 μm); (b) relative quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity of Ce6 uptake by A375 cells; (c) fluorescent images of ROS produced by A375 cells after different treatments; (d) cell viability of A375 cells treated by MRPL without laser irradiation; (e) cell viability of A375 cells treated by MRPL with laser irradiation
Fig. 6. Mechanism of NKG2D/NKG2DL pathway in A375 cells treated with MRPLs. (a) Protein expression of NKG2D/NKG2DL pathway after MRPLs treatment with or without laser; (b) soluble MICA and MICB shedding from A375 cells treated with MRPLs after 48 h incubation; (c) proposed signaling pathway of MRPL-SC upregulating the expression of NKG2DLs on the surface of A375 cancer cells; (d) killing effect of NK cells at different effector-target ratios (scale bar: 100 μm); (e) NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity to A375 cells at effector-target ratio of 4∶1
Fig. 7. In vivo fluorescence imaging and biodistribution analysis of nude mice bearing tumors after tail vein injection of Ce6 and MRPL-C. (a) Schematic diagram of tumor-bearing mouse imaging; (b) in vivo fluorescence imaging of A375-bearing mice after intravenous injection of Ce6 and MRPL-C nanoparticles at different times; (c) fluorescence intensity of major organs and tumor dissection 24 h after intravenous injection
Fig. 8. In vivo anti-tumor effect of MRPL-SC (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). (a) Schematic illustration of in vivo therapeutic time line on tumor-bearing mouse; (b) tumor volume change of mice (n=6) from various treatment groups during 14 d treatment; (c) relative tumor proliferation rate of tumor-bearing mouse in different treatment groups; (d) tumor weight of tumor in different treatment groups; (e) H&E and TUNEL staining of tumor sections of different treatment groups excised two days after irradiation
Fig. 9. H&E staining results of major organs of tumor-bearing mice for different treatments (scale bar: 50 μm)