The relationship between backscattering coefficient and mass concentration of aerosol is analyzed in theory. Aerosol backscattering coefficients and mass concentrations in rural area of Hefei were measured simultaneously with lidar and tapered element oscillating microbalance. Based on the correlation of backscattering coefficients and mass concentrations, using the method of nonlinear least squares, an empirical formula was developed and the inversion results were demonstrated. At the same time, diurnal variations of mass concentrations of PM10 were presented and its cause was discussed, which can provide scientific base for air pollution control strategy and methodology in Hefei city.