Based on the model of ultraviolet communication transmission, the absorption and scattering characteristics of ultraviolet communication were analyzed based on the Mie scattering and Rayleigh scattering theory. The impact of different path loss and bit error rate were simulated on the basis of Monte Carlo method under the condition of fine weather, severe fog and haze weather, extremely severe fog and haze weather. Using a 255nm ultraviolet LED as the light source, a photomultiplier as the receiving device and a 10 kHz and 100 kHz square wave signal as the transmitting signal, outdoor short distance ultraviolet communication experiment under three different weather conditions were performed. The experimental results indicate that under the condition of communication distance less than 100 m, with the increasing of fog and haze pollution, the path loss of line-of-sight ultraviolet communication increases gradually, and the path loss of non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communication decreases gradually. In non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communication, when the transmitting power is 0.6 mW, the transmitting and receiving elevation angles are less than 20° and the communication distance is less than 40 m, the communication quality is relatively better.