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2024
Volume: 43 Issue 3
16 Article(s)
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Research Articles
Metal microstrip line defect detection of chip based on THz-TDR technology
Zhen XU, De-Gang XU, Long-Hai LIU, Ji-Ning LI, Jia-Xin ZHANG, Tan WANG, Xiang REN, Xiu-Ming QIAO, and Chen JIANG
The current main detection methods for packaging chip defects with small size, dense wiring, and high integration have drawbacks such as low accuracy and long cycle time. To compensate for the shortcomings of traditional detection methods, this study combines terahertz technology with time-domain reflection technology The current main detection methods for packaging chip defects with small size, dense wiring, and high integration have drawbacks such as low accuracy and long cycle time. To compensate for the shortcomings of traditional detection methods, this study combines terahertz technology with time-domain reflection technology to explore the feasibility of detecting metal wire defects on chips. Firstly, different proportions of convex defects and concave defects were processed on metal microstrip lines of different widths to simulate incomplete opening/short circuits of metal wires in integrated chips. The time-domain reflection signals were collected using a terahertz time-domain reflectometer. Then, qualitative analysis was conducted on different defect degrees and types based on the corresponding time of time-domain reflection pulses, and the defect positions of the metal wires on the chip were accurately calculated. Finally, the finite element analysis method was used to simulate and analyze the metal wires with defects on the silicon substrate, which showed perfect consistency with the experimental results. This research shows that the combined terahertz technology with time-domain reflection technology can achieve the diagnosis and detection of metal wire defects on chips, providing an empirical reference for defect detection in integrated chips..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 1 (2024)
Characterization of visible-mid-infrared supercontinuum spectrum based on sandwiched silicon nitride waveguide
Jia-Hao SUN, Ru-Min CHENG, Kai GUO, Jin-De YIN, Du-An QING, Ling LI, and Pei-Guang YAN
This paper introduces a low-thickness sandwich waveguide structure comprising silicon nitride -sapphire -silicon nitride layers. By exploiting its dispersion wave radiation effect and mid-infrared phase matching condition, combined with the waveguide pulse transmission model, this study examines the impact of differentThis paper introduces a low-thickness sandwich waveguide structure comprising silicon nitride -sapphire -silicon nitride layers. By exploiting its dispersion wave radiation effect and mid-infrared phase matching condition, combined with the waveguide pulse transmission model, this study examines the impact of different physical sizes of the sandwich waveguide on the phase matching point and spectral broadening. Through numerical simulation, a supercontinuum spectrum ranging from 0.5 to 4 μm is generated, producing a farther mid-infrared dispersion wave at a -40 dB level. Moreover, this model provides an in-depth mechanism for nonlinear waveguide pulse transmission. Theoretical analysis reveals that modifying the physical size of the silicon nitride and sapphire interlayer and altering the phase-matching conditions can regulate the position of the dispersion wave across a broader wavelength range..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 293 (2024)
The scanning tunneling spectra of Hg0.72Cd0.28Te and the model interpretation
Zheng-Qiong XIAO, Hao-Guang DAI, Xin-Yang LIU, Ping-Ping CHEN, and Fang-Xing ZHA
The cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (XSTM) technique was used to study the cleaved surface of Hg0.72Cd0.28Te grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Scanning tunnel spectroscopy (STS)’s measurements show that the width of zero current plateau (the apparent tunneling gap) of current-voltage (I/V) spectra is aboutThe cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (XSTM) technique was used to study the cleaved surface of Hg0.72Cd0.28Te grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Scanning tunnel spectroscopy (STS)’s measurements show that the width of zero current plateau (the apparent tunneling gap) of current-voltage (I/V) spectra is about 130% larger than the practical band gap of the material, implying the existence of obvious tip-induced band bending (TIBB) effect with the measurement. Based on the 3D TIBB model, the STS data can however be interpreted and the calculated I/V spectra are in good agreement with the measurement. Nevertheless, certain deviation appears for those I/V data which were acquired with a large imaging bias. This is because the current TIBB model does not take into account the transport mechanism of the material itself, for which the band-to-band tunneling, trap assisted tunneling etc. could be non-negligible factors for the tunneling..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 300 (2024)
Improved liquid phase epitaxy method for in-situ growth of HgCdTe with positive composition gradient
Qin HUO, Hong-Qiang HAN, Cheng ZHANG, Cui-Ling JIAO, Reng WANG, Cheng-Ming MAO, Ye LU, Xin-Tian CHEN, Hui QIAO, and Xiang-Yang LI
The influence of growth conditions of liquid phase epitaxy on the composition gradient of HgCdTe was studied, and the growth model of liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) of HgCdTe was established. HgCdTe with positive composition gradient was grown by slider liquid phase epitaxy by changing the mercury loss rate. The positive cThe influence of growth conditions of liquid phase epitaxy on the composition gradient of HgCdTe was studied, and the growth model of liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) of HgCdTe was established. HgCdTe with positive composition gradient was grown by slider liquid phase epitaxy by changing the mercury loss rate. The positive composition gradient structure of HgCdTe grown under the growth condition of specific mercury loss was confirmed by corrosion thinning spectrum and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The experimental results show that the HgCdTe with positive composition gradient had the similar surface morphology and infrared transmission spectrum curve to the traditional HgCdTe with negative composition gradient; and it had high crystal quality, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of X-ray diffraction(XRD)double-crystal rocking curve of 28.8 arcsec..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 305 (2024)
Ultrasensitive and broad-spectrum photodetectors based on InSe/MoTe2 heterostructure
Yan-Hui XING, Wen-Xin HE, Zi-Shuo HAN, Bao-Lu GUAN, Hai-Xin MA, Xiao-Hui MA, Jun HAN, Wen-Hua SHI, Bao-Shun ZHANG, Wei-Ming LYU, and Zhong-Ming ZENG
The photogating effect based on the vertical structure of a two-dimensional material allows high-sensitivity and broad-spectrum photodetector. A high-sensitivity photodetector based on the vertical heterostructure of indium selenide (InSe)/molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) is reported, which exhibits excellent broad-spectThe photogating effect based on the vertical structure of a two-dimensional material allows high-sensitivity and broad-spectrum photodetector. A high-sensitivity photodetector based on the vertical heterostructure of indium selenide (InSe)/molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) is reported, which exhibits excellent broad-spectrum detection capability from 365 to 965 nm. The top layer of InSe was used as the grating layer to regulate the channel current, and MoTe2 was used as the transmission layer. By combining the advantages of the two materials, the photodetector has a fast response time of 21.6 ms and achieves a maximum detectivity of 1.05 × 1013 Jones under 365 nm laser irradiation. Under the illumination of 965 nm, the detectivity still achieves the order of 109 Jones. In addition, the InSe/MoTe2 heterostructure exhibits an external quantum efficiency of 1.03 × 105%, demonstrating strong photoelectric conversion capability..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 314 (2024)
Asymmetric tip design for far infrared metamaterial sensor
Xiao-Sen LU, Xu WU, Xiao-Ke WEI, Jun-Jie WANG, Qi-Liang WANG, Zuan-Ming JIN, and Yan PENG
This study investigates an asymmetric tip design for a far-infrared metamaterial aimed at enhancing the Q factor and detection sensitivity. Employing the conventional double-split square ring resonator as a model, we conducted theoretical simulations to investigate the impact of different tip angles on the electric fieThis study investigates an asymmetric tip design for a far-infrared metamaterial aimed at enhancing the Q factor and detection sensitivity. Employing the conventional double-split square ring resonator as a model, we conducted theoretical simulations to investigate the impact of different tip angles on the electric field distribution, resonance spectrum, and Q factor. The results show that the asymmetric tip increases the surface electric field of the resonator, decreases the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the resonance peak, and increases the Q factor to over three times that of the conventional split ring. Our findings offer valuable insights for the development of highly sensitive far-infrared metamaterial sensors. Furthermore, we propose a straightforward and practical optimization approach to enhance the Q factor of conventional split ring metamaterials..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 322 (2024)
InGaAs/InAlAs InP-based HEMT with the current cutoff frequency of 441 GHz
Rui-Ze FENG, Shu-Rui CAO, Zhi-Yu FENG, Fu-Gui ZHOU, Tong LIU, Yong-Bo SU, and Zhi JIN
In this letter, an In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As InP-based HEMT with fT > 400 GHz was designed and fabricated successfully. A narrow gate recess technology was used to optimize the parasitic resistances. The gate length is 54.4 nm, and the gate width is 2 × 50 μm. The maximum drain current IDS.max is 957 mA/mm,In this letter, an In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As InP-based HEMT with fT > 400 GHz was designed and fabricated successfully. A narrow gate recess technology was used to optimize the parasitic resistances. The gate length is 54.4 nm, and the gate width is 2 × 50 μm. The maximum drain current IDS.max is 957 mA/mm, and the maximum transconductance gm.max is 1265 mS/mm. The current gain cutoff frequency fT is as high as 441 GHz and the maximum oscillation frequency fmax reaches 299 GHz, even at a relatively small value of VDS = 0.7 V. The reported device can be applied to terahertz monolithic integrated amplifiers and other circuits..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 329 (2024)
Development of a homodyne mixing system for performance characterization of terahertz superconducting KIDs
Jia-Wen ZHANG, Jun-Da JIN, Sheng-Cai SHI, Jing LI, Wei GENG, Wei-Tao LYU, Zhi LI, Qiang ZHI, and Zhao-Hang PENG
The homodyne mixing system is used to characterizing the performance of terahertz superconducting kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs). However, homodyne mixing systems still have issues such as mixer imbalance, measurement system integration, and interference signals. The author designed a new single channel homodyne mThe homodyne mixing system is used to characterizing the performance of terahertz superconducting kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs). However, homodyne mixing systems still have issues such as mixer imbalance, measurement system integration, and interference signals. The author designed a new single channel homodyne mixing hardware system and software algorithms to achieve integration of the measurement system, calibration of IQ-mixer imbalance, and performance characterization of KID; Furthermore, noise measurement of KIDs in VNA (vector network analyzer) CW mode is achieved; Finally, the method of hardware circuit design by dual channel homodyne mixing system based on autocorrelation algorithm effectively suppresses interference signals. It is worth noting that these research results are applied to characterize the performance of KIDs, which is important in the design of KIDs arrays..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 334 (2024)
Terahertz study on the porosity of porous traditional Chinese medicine tablets by effective medium models
Xu LI, Meng-Yuan ZHANG, Wen-Yue ZHAO, Jian ZUO, Wei-Feng ZHU, Zhe LI, Yu-Lei SHI, and Cun-Lin ZHANG
Generally, the porosity of traditional Chinese medicine is measured by the destructive method of density measurement, but there is a lack of non-destructive quantification methods. As one important non-destructive method, terahertz radiation has been used to non-destructively extract the drugs' time-domain and freqGenerally, the porosity of traditional Chinese medicine is measured by the destructive method of density measurement, but there is a lack of non-destructive quantification methods. As one important non-destructive method, terahertz radiation has been used to non-destructively extract the drugs' time-domain and frequency-domain optical information. For direct compression traditional Chinese medicine tablets, the effective refractive index of various tablets was obtained by different methods of terahertz time-domain signal processing and frequency-domain signal processing. It was found that the effective refractive indices with either signal processing method show a good linear relationship with the porosities of the tablets. The porosity of Puerariae Lobatae Radix tablets was extracted and modeled by linear regression based on four effective medium theory models. The porosity regression model based on the effective refractive index by time-domain signal processing shows better performance on the model interpretation and cross-validation accuracy, with the best model of the Bruggeman model (RPD=11.3325). It provides support for the process optimization of porous powder preparation of traditional Chinese medicine..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 344 (2024)
Non-destructive thickness measurement with micron level accuracy based on a 4.3-THz quantum-cascade laser
Hong-Yi LI, Zhi-Yong TAN, Wen-Jian WAN, and Jun-Cheng CAO
A homodyne detection system to acquire the thickness of silicon wafers is constructed and described. By harnessing the relationship between the transmission phase change of a 4.3-THz light beam and the incident angle controlled by a mechanical rotating stage, the thickness value of sample can be precisely deduced usingA homodyne detection system to acquire the thickness of silicon wafers is constructed and described. By harnessing the relationship between the transmission phase change of a 4.3-THz light beam and the incident angle controlled by a mechanical rotating stage, the thickness value of sample can be precisely deduced using the standard residual error method. The results indicate that the fitted thickness of the sample differs by only 2.5~3 μm from more accurate results measured by optical microscopes, achieving terahertz non-destructive thickness measurement with micron level accuracy. The experiment validates the effectiveness of terahertz quantum-cascade laser in non-contact and nondestructive measurement..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 354 (2024)
Metalens for polarization-switchable multi-functions multiplexing in multiple channels
Xiao-Dong LIU, and Yi-Ming ZHU
Metasurface provide a new platform for studying planar and ultrathin optical components. The traditional geometric-phase-based metalens are limited to the polarization locking, which inevitably hinders its function in multiplexing of multiple functions. Herein, an approach based on the geometric phase is proposed to reMetasurface provide a new platform for studying planar and ultrathin optical components. The traditional geometric-phase-based metalens are limited to the polarization locking, which inevitably hinders its function in multiplexing of multiple functions. Herein, an approach based on the geometric phase is proposed to realize polarization decoupling of metalens. This method can be applied to design metalens that enables functionalities of polarization switchable multi-functions(focusing and vortex beam etc...) multiplexing in the longitudinal direction or both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The results provide a new avenue for multifunctional integrated planar components..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 369 (2024)
A simplified parameterization scheme of mid-infrared radiative transfer for satellite remote sensing
Qian YAO, Hua XU, Cheng FAN, Li LI, Si-Heng WANG, Yang ZHENG, Wen-Bin XU, Wei-Zhen HOU, Jing-Hai XU, Qi-Feng ZHUANG, Peng ZHOU, Hao ZHANG, Zhen-Ting CHEN, and Zheng-Qiang LI
As the connecting spectral band of visible-near infrared and thermal infrared, mid-infrared (MIR) combines the reflective characteristics of short-wave radiation and the emissive characteristics of long-wave radiation, which is of great importance for application scenarios such as temperature detection and target identAs the connecting spectral band of visible-near infrared and thermal infrared, mid-infrared (MIR) combines the reflective characteristics of short-wave radiation and the emissive characteristics of long-wave radiation, which is of great importance for application scenarios such as temperature detection and target identification. At present, the radiative transfer (RT) calculation of the MIR spectrum still faces the problem of many input background parameters which are not easy to obtain. Based on this, a simplified parameterization scheme of MIR RT for satellite remote sensing is proposed. Using the MODTRAN model (MM), the background surface and atmospheric parameters involved in the MIR daytime RT process were quantitatively simulated and analyzed to obtain the key parameters affecting RT, from which an MM-based parameter simplified scheme (SS) was developed. The total radiance calculated by SS and MM is compared and validated at the center wavelength of 6 MIR channels of MODIS, and the RMSE is less than 0.004399 with high accuracy. The SS only relies on surface temperature, surface emissivity, atmospheric profile type, water vapor and cloud optical thickness, and does not require input of aerosol, CO2 and O3 data. Compared with the MM, the SS reduces the input parameters from 8 categories to 5 categories, and the calculation time efficiency increases by 9.02%. With limited computational resources, the SS proposed in this paper can provide support for the application areas such as fast processing of MIR images and remote sensing simulation of large scenes..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 375 (2024)
Noise model of oceanic spaceborne photon counting Lidar
Jian YANG, Yue MA, Wen-Bo YU, Shao-Hui LI, Jing YU, Qian-Yin WANG, and Song LI
With the advantage of high sensitivity and high repetition rate, spaceborne photon counting Lidar has shown great application in ocean areas. The photon counting detector can not only respond to the weak echo signal, but is also susceptible to solar radiation. Due to the great impact of background noise on the performaWith the advantage of high sensitivity and high repetition rate, spaceborne photon counting Lidar has shown great application in ocean areas. The photon counting detector can not only respond to the weak echo signal, but is also susceptible to solar radiation. Due to the great impact of background noise on the performance of Lidar systems, as well as the impact on the data volume, accurate estimation of noise level is crucial in the design of satellite Lidar systems. A noise model of oceanic spaceborne photon counting Lidar was proposed that considers the contribution of the atmosphere, water surface, and water column. By inputting the system parameters of the new generation photon counting Lidar ATLAS and the environmental parameters, the MAPEs (mean absolute percentage errors) between estimated noise and the ATLAS measured noise are within 15%, which confirms the effectiveness of the noise model..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 391 (2024)
Arctic sea surface CO2 partial pressure based on LiDAR
Si-Qi ZHANG, Peng CHEN, Zhen-Hua ZHANG, and De-Lu PAN
The spaceborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), as a novel active remote sensing technology, offers possibilities for global diurnal research. In this study, global sea surface chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentrations were inverted using satellite data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite ObservatiThe spaceborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), as a novel active remote sensing technology, offers possibilities for global diurnal research. In this study, global sea surface chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentrations were inverted using satellite data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). A feedforward neural network model based on LiDAR data (FNN-LID) was developed to reconstruct a long-term diurnal dataset of sea surface pCO2 in the Arctic Ocean. Subsequently, verification and analysis were conducted on the polar sea surface Chla concentrations and sea surface pCO2 based on active remote sensing. The results demonstrated that the inversion products generated by this algorithm exhibit high data quality and exhibit favorable consistency with both other passive remote sensing products and buoy observations. Moreover, these products effectively fill data gaps during polar winters. Along the Arctic Ocean, margin seas significantly influenced by terrestrial sources consistently display high sea surface Chla concentrations. The spatial distribution of sea surface pCO2 in the Arctic Ocean manifests meridional variations, with marked seasonal fluctuations, even higher than 80 μatm. Over the past two decades, the Arctic Ocean has consistently acted as a carbon dioxide sink, while areas with substantial sea ice decline such as the East Siberian Sea and Kara Sea exhibit pronounced increases in sea surface pCO2..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 397 (2024)
Design and fabrication of an ultra-broadband dichroic beam-splitter with low polarization
Tian-Yan YU, Yang QIN, Lin JIANG, Wei-Bo DUAN, and Ding-Quan LIU
This paper describes the design and fabrication of one kind of dichroic beam-splitter that operates in an ultra-broadband spectral range from visible to longwave infrared regions simultaneously. The use of metal-dielectric coatings makes it implement structures that transmit the visible/near infrared radiation from 0.4This paper describes the design and fabrication of one kind of dichroic beam-splitter that operates in an ultra-broadband spectral range from visible to longwave infrared regions simultaneously. The use of metal-dielectric coatings makes it implement structures that transmit the visible/near infrared radiation from 0.4 to 1.05 μm and reflect infrared radiation from 1.36 to 13 μm. At the same time, the structures are designed to obtain a low linear polarization sensitivity (LPS) in the visible/near infrared region. The transmission of visible/near infrared region is more than 85% and the average reflection of infrared region is more than 90%. The LPS of the region 0.4-1.05 μm is less than 4%..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 406 (2024)
Pixel gradient-based adaptive iterative median filter for image impulse noise removal
Xiang-Bo JIN, and Yue-Ming WANG
Image impulse noise removal is essential for obtaining high-quality images. A novel pixel gradients-based adaptive iterative median filter is proposed to remove image impulse noise by utilizing the principles of thermal infrared camera imaging. Firstly, the maximum pixel gradient of the original image is computed basedImage impulse noise removal is essential for obtaining high-quality images. A novel pixel gradients-based adaptive iterative median filter is proposed to remove image impulse noise by utilizing the principles of thermal infrared camera imaging. Firstly, the maximum pixel gradient of the original image is computed based on the camera's modulation transfer function (MTF), and a corresponding set of pixel gradients is established. Subsequently, the gradient weight root-mean-square error (GWRMSE) set of the original image and the corresponding pixel gradient filtered image is computed, and the optimal pixel gradient is determined as the one corresponding to the maximum value of Gaussian distribution of the GWRMSE set. Finally, the adaptive window size and number of iterations for the proposed filter are determined according to the density and complexity of the impulse noise in the image. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed filter exhibits excellent robustness in removing 8-bit and 16-bit single-channel impulse noise images. In comparison with other state-of-the-art methods, the proposed method can remove low-density random-valued impulse noise (RVIN) and salt-and-pepper noise (SAPN) in real thermal infrared camera-acquired images in real-time while preserving more than 99.5% of original pixels during the noise removal process. Additionally, for high-density SAPN removal, the proposed method achieves competitive results, demonstrating better peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM) in comparison with filtering methods of faster running time and faster execution time in comparison with denoising methods of superior PSNR and SSIM. Moreover, it can recover meaningful image details even for images severely damaged by extreme SAPN (99%)..
Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
- Publication Date: Jun. 25, 2024
- Vol. 43, Issue 3, 421 (2024)
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