The propagation model of a continuous variable quantum communication system on an airborne platform is established in the case that the atmospheric turbulence and aero-optical effects are considered. The influence of channel characteristic on the security key rate of this system is numerically analyzed. The results show that, the smaller the refractive index structure constant of the atmospheric turbulence is, the more obvious the influence of the change of the refractive index structure constant on the security key rate of this system is. The influence of the atmospheric turbulence and the aero-optical effect on the security key rate of the system cannot be ignored. According to the atmospheric channel characteristics, the corresponding compensation module for this system is designed to adaptively adjust the relevant parameters of the quantum communication system so as to enhance the robustness of the system.