Reviews|1765 Article(s)
Research Progress of Long-Wave Solid-State Lasers Based on Optical Parametric Oscillation and Amplification Technology
Hai Wang, Lili Zhao, Juntao Tian, Zhiyong Li, and Rongqing Tan
Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) is an important equipment for the detection of noxious gases. It has a high demand for the wavelength and linewidth of the laser sources. In recent years, optical parametric oscillation and amplification (OPO/OPA) technology has made breakthroughs in medium and long-wave infrared laser, showing great potential in obtaining high-quality long-wave laser. The characteristics of different nonlinear crystals are collected. The performance of long-wave laser obtained by some crystal optical parametric oscillators is generalized, including output power, pulse energy, tuning range and output linewidth. Combined with the theoretical gain linewidth calculation and recent experimental research, the main problems in realizing narrow linewidth are analyzed and summarized, furthermore, the future technical route furthermore,the development direction are prospected. Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) is an important equipment for the detection of noxious gases. It has a high demand for the wavelength and linewidth of the laser sources. In recent years, optical parametric oscillation and amplification (OPO/OPA) technology has made breakthroughs in medium and long-wave infrared laser, showing great potential in obtaining high-quality long-wave laser. The characteristics of different nonlinear crystals are collected. The performance of long-wave laser obtained by some crystal optical parametric oscillators is generalized, including output power, pulse energy, tuning range and output linewidth. Combined with the theoretical gain linewidth calculation and recent experimental research, the main problems in realizing narrow linewidth are analyzed and summarized, furthermore, the future technical route furthermore,the development direction are prospected.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900013 (2024)
Research Advances of Visible Supercontinuum Generation in Graded-Index Multimode Fibers
Jingsui Li, Bo Li, Dan Zhang, Shengping Chen, and Xiaojun Xu
Typically, graded-index multimode fibers feature certain spatiotemporal nonlinear effects such as geometric parametric instability (GPI), which gradually expands the spectrum of transmitted laser light under certain conditions and eventually evolves into a supercontinuum. This paper introduces the concept of GPI and its physical connotations; moreover, the status of research on GPI-induced visible supercontinuum generation in graded-index multimode fibers is reviewed, and an analysis on the influence of fiber and pulse parameters on the output spectrum is presented. In addition to this, realizing an all-fiber structure and using short wavelength lasers as pump sources constitute key future research directions. Overall, the GPI-induced generation of the visible supercontinuum is expected to break through the power limitation of the supercontinuum generated by small core traditional photonic crystal fibers. Typically, graded-index multimode fibers feature certain spatiotemporal nonlinear effects such as geometric parametric instability (GPI), which gradually expands the spectrum of transmitted laser light under certain conditions and eventually evolves into a supercontinuum. This paper introduces the concept of GPI and its physical connotations; moreover, the status of research on GPI-induced visible supercontinuum generation in graded-index multimode fibers is reviewed, and an analysis on the influence of fiber and pulse parameters on the output spectrum is presented. In addition to this, realizing an all-fiber structure and using short wavelength lasers as pump sources constitute key future research directions. Overall, the GPI-induced generation of the visible supercontinuum is expected to break through the power limitation of the supercontinuum generated by small core traditional photonic crystal fibers.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900012 (2024)
Research Progress of Phosphosilicate Glass and Optical Fiber
Suyu Wang, Zichang Liu, Chengxi Luo, Dongchen Zhang, Weiquan Su, and Lüyun Yang
Since the in-depth research on the theory and technology of luminescent materials, luminescent materials have been widely used in white LED lighting, optical imaging, optical storage, optical communication, optical fiber laser, and other fields. In recent years, it has been found that the luminescent materials prepared by introducing phosphorus as co-doped elements show unique advantages in optical properties, which has become the key factor to solve the bottleneck of luminescent properties of many luminescent materials. In this paper, the preparation methods and optical properties of phosphosilicate luminescent glass was reviewed. Several mainstream preparation methods of luminescent materials and their phosphorus doping technology were introduced, as well as the spectral characteristics of various luminescent ions in the coordination environment of P5+, which shows the great advantages of phosphosilicate luminescent glass and optical fiber in the fields of optical communication and optical fiber laser. Finally, the application prospect of a variety of phosphorus doped active special optical fibers is prospected. Since the in-depth research on the theory and technology of luminescent materials, luminescent materials have been widely used in white LED lighting, optical imaging, optical storage, optical communication, optical fiber laser, and other fields. In recent years, it has been found that the luminescent materials prepared by introducing phosphorus as co-doped elements show unique advantages in optical properties, which has become the key factor to solve the bottleneck of luminescent properties of many luminescent materials. In this paper, the preparation methods and optical properties of phosphosilicate luminescent glass was reviewed. Several mainstream preparation methods of luminescent materials and their phosphorus doping technology were introduced, as well as the spectral characteristics of various luminescent ions in the coordination environment of P5+, which shows the great advantages of phosphosilicate luminescent glass and optical fiber in the fields of optical communication and optical fiber laser. Finally, the application prospect of a variety of phosphorus doped active special optical fibers is prospected.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900011 (2024)
Research Progress of Flexible Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates
Jinyang Wang, Jin Xia, and Huiliang Zhang
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a non-contact, non-destructive and high-sensitivity spectral analysis technique. SERS has the capability to detect molecular fingerprint and has been widely applied to the subjects of materials science, chemistry, physics, geology and life science. Compared with the traditional rigid substrates, the flexible SERS substrates can conduct in situ and on-site real-time detection of analytes on non-planar surface. However, there are still some challenges in designing and fabricating the flexible SERS substrates with high-sensitivity and reproducibility. Therefore, we provide an overview of the recent advances in flexible SERS substrates. We discuss the fabrications, performances, applications and future prospects of five different types of the flexible SERS substrates, and provide some guidance for the research of SERS substrates. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a non-contact, non-destructive and high-sensitivity spectral analysis technique. SERS has the capability to detect molecular fingerprint and has been widely applied to the subjects of materials science, chemistry, physics, geology and life science. Compared with the traditional rigid substrates, the flexible SERS substrates can conduct in situ and on-site real-time detection of analytes on non-planar surface. However, there are still some challenges in designing and fabricating the flexible SERS substrates with high-sensitivity and reproducibility. Therefore, we provide an overview of the recent advances in flexible SERS substrates. We discuss the fabrications, performances, applications and future prospects of five different types of the flexible SERS substrates, and provide some guidance for the research of SERS substrates.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900010 (2024)
Progress in Packaging Technology of InGaAs Avalanche Photodiode Detectors
Chenyang Zhang, Defeng Mo, Hongyan Xu, Yingjie Ma, Xue Li, and Wenxian Su
InGaAs single-photon detectors are extensively used in laser 3D imaging, long-distance high-speed digital communication, free-space optical communication, and quantum communication. Different packaging formats, including coaxial packaging, butterfly packaging, and pin grid array packaging, have been designed for unit, line array, and small panel array devices. The impact of the temperature on the efficacy of InGaAs single-photon devices and the methodologies for controlling component temperature are discussed. Detailed comparisons and analyses of high-precision coupling methods for optical components such as microlenses, lenses, optical fibers, etc. to the semiconductor are provided. For high-frequency signal output, the lead type, wiring method, packaging structure design, and other issues are reviewed, and the development trend of the InGaAs single-photon detectors is forecasted. InGaAs single-photon detectors are extensively used in laser 3D imaging, long-distance high-speed digital communication, free-space optical communication, and quantum communication. Different packaging formats, including coaxial packaging, butterfly packaging, and pin grid array packaging, have been designed for unit, line array, and small panel array devices. The impact of the temperature on the efficacy of InGaAs single-photon devices and the methodologies for controlling component temperature are discussed. Detailed comparisons and analyses of high-precision coupling methods for optical components such as microlenses, lenses, optical fibers, etc. to the semiconductor are provided. For high-frequency signal output, the lead type, wiring method, packaging structure design, and other issues are reviewed, and the development trend of the InGaAs single-photon detectors is forecasted.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900009 (2024)
Progress in Semiconductor Saturable Absorption Mirror Mode-Locked Laser
Ting Huang, Nan Lin, Qiuyue Zhang, Tianjiang He, Cong Xiong, Li Zhong, Suping Liu, and Xiaoyu Ma
Semiconductor saturable absorption mirror (SESAM) is the most commonly-used passive mode-locking device in ultrafast laser technology. Owing to its advantages of self-starting, low insertion loss, high integration, and flexible design, SESAM has a wide range of applications and excellent commercial prospects. This study introduces the mode-locking principle and current development status of SESAM and summarizes the current epitaxial structure, growth mode, and parameter performance of SESAM. It also provides a detailed description of its latest progress in mode-locking in solid-state, semiconductor, and fiber lasers. Moreover, the performance characteristics and future-development direction of various types of mode-locked lasers are presented. Semiconductor saturable absorption mirror (SESAM) is the most commonly-used passive mode-locking device in ultrafast laser technology. Owing to its advantages of self-starting, low insertion loss, high integration, and flexible design, SESAM has a wide range of applications and excellent commercial prospects. This study introduces the mode-locking principle and current development status of SESAM and summarizes the current epitaxial structure, growth mode, and parameter performance of SESAM. It also provides a detailed description of its latest progress in mode-locking in solid-state, semiconductor, and fiber lasers. Moreover, the performance characteristics and future-development direction of various types of mode-locked lasers are presented.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900008 (2024)
Summary of Research on Polarization Transmission in Three Atypical Environments
Xindong Sun, Fengxun Meng, Wensen Xun, Dong Wang, Xueye Chen, and Xiangwei Zeng
The existence of three atypical environments involving irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media is quite common. However, the transmission performance and operating distance of optical signals are badly affected due to particle scattering and absorption in the three atypical environments. For instance, low-visibility environments, such as fog, haze, and clouds, can reduce the safety of aircraft, cars, and ships, making it difficult to search and navigate in turbid waters. However, using polarization characteristics to characterize the transmission process in these atypical environments can provide feasible solution for extracting high-quality light signals and increasing operational distances. In this study, we explore the polarization transmission characteristics in three situations: irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media. We analyze the domestic and international development of various nonspherical particles, present relevant data from the equivalent multilayer concentric particle model, and explain the effectiveness of addressing issues such as haze-scattering characteristics. Furthermore, we conduct a classification study on nonuniform media and analyze the impact of the medium on light transmission. By summarizing the development progress and current research status regarding scattering polarization characteristics of polarized light in the three atypical environments, we aim to clarify the importance of studying polarization transmission characteristics in such settings. Finally, we look forward to the development trend of polarization transmission problems in the three atypical environments. The existence of three atypical environments involving irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media is quite common. However, the transmission performance and operating distance of optical signals are badly affected due to particle scattering and absorption in the three atypical environments. For instance, low-visibility environments, such as fog, haze, and clouds, can reduce the safety of aircraft, cars, and ships, making it difficult to search and navigate in turbid waters. However, using polarization characteristics to characterize the transmission process in these atypical environments can provide feasible solution for extracting high-quality light signals and increasing operational distances. In this study, we explore the polarization transmission characteristics in three situations: irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media. We analyze the domestic and international development of various nonspherical particles, present relevant data from the equivalent multilayer concentric particle model, and explain the effectiveness of addressing issues such as haze-scattering characteristics. Furthermore, we conduct a classification study on nonuniform media and analyze the impact of the medium on light transmission. By summarizing the development progress and current research status regarding scattering polarization characteristics of polarized light in the three atypical environments, we aim to clarify the importance of studying polarization transmission characteristics in such settings. Finally, we look forward to the development trend of polarization transmission problems in the three atypical environments.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900007 (2024)
Opportunities and Challenges of Optoelectronic Co-Packaging Technology in the Era of Big Data
Lingyan Bian, Yanping Zeng, Ying Cai, Xiao Lu, Qianrong Zhou, Qinglin Tang, Tingwei Gu, and Lu Wang
In the era of artificial intelligence and big data, the demand for data storage, transmission, and processing capabilities has surged. Thus, the prerequisites for data transmission, including bandwidth and communication speed, have experienced an escalation. However, owing to the influence of dielectric materials and transmission rate, the electrical interconnections in system-level packaging present strong phenomena, such as loss, reflection, delay, and crosstalk, which cannot meet the requirements of increasing bandwidth and communication speed. Consequently, advanced packaging technology and photoelectric co-packaging technology encapsulate optical modules and electrical chips within the same package, thereby reducing the interconnection length between them and parasitic effects. Furthermore, it has numerous advantages, such as wide band, anti-electromagnetic interference, low transmission loss and power consumption, and hence, it has become a research hotspot in recent years. This article discusses the basic concepts and advantages of optoelectronic co-packaging, introduces typical 2D, 2.5D, and 3D technologies and the latest developments at home and abroad, and analyzes the challenges that must be addressed as a new generation packaging technology. In the era of artificial intelligence and big data, the demand for data storage, transmission, and processing capabilities has surged. Thus, the prerequisites for data transmission, including bandwidth and communication speed, have experienced an escalation. However, owing to the influence of dielectric materials and transmission rate, the electrical interconnections in system-level packaging present strong phenomena, such as loss, reflection, delay, and crosstalk, which cannot meet the requirements of increasing bandwidth and communication speed. Consequently, advanced packaging technology and photoelectric co-packaging technology encapsulate optical modules and electrical chips within the same package, thereby reducing the interconnection length between them and parasitic effects. Furthermore, it has numerous advantages, such as wide band, anti-electromagnetic interference, low transmission loss and power consumption, and hence, it has become a research hotspot in recent years. This article discusses the basic concepts and advantages of optoelectronic co-packaging, introduces typical 2D, 2.5D, and 3D technologies and the latest developments at home and abroad, and analyzes the challenges that must be addressed as a new generation packaging technology.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900006 (2024)
Review of Current Status and Development of Liquid Lens
Haibo Liu, Yuan Hu, Yuzhe Li, and Jinhui Zhao
Compared with traditional optical lenses, liquid lenses have the advantages of fast response, large zoom range, and high controllability, which are widely required in various fields, such as vision correction, microscopes, cellphone cameras, endoscopes, and bionic optics. This paper summarizes the technical developments in liquid lenses and briefly describes their working principle at home and abroad. Furthermore, it analyzes the related processing methods, performance indices, and application prospects of some typical liquid lenses. Finally, this work provides an outlook on the future development trend to provide useful references for further research on liquid lenses. Compared with traditional optical lenses, liquid lenses have the advantages of fast response, large zoom range, and high controllability, which are widely required in various fields, such as vision correction, microscopes, cellphone cameras, endoscopes, and bionic optics. This paper summarizes the technical developments in liquid lenses and briefly describes their working principle at home and abroad. Furthermore, it analyzes the related processing methods, performance indices, and application prospects of some typical liquid lenses. Finally, this work provides an outlook on the future development trend to provide useful references for further research on liquid lenses.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900005 (2024)
Research Progress of Optical Functional Glass Based on Machine Learning
Lili Fu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Huimin Xu, Qingying Ren, Ruilin Zheng, and Wei Wei
The research process of optical functional glass materials involves long research and development cycles and low efficiency. Greatly hindered the development of optical glass materials. The emergence of machine learning technology has greatly promoted the development of glass materials science. By learning the laws contained in the data, learning and predicting new data from the huge and complex glass data has accelerated the research and development process of optical functional glass. This paper summarizes and demonstrates several types of machine learning algorithms involved in the prediction of optical glass and briefly introduces them. On this basis, it focuses on summarizing the important applications of these theoretical algorithms in glass research, including accelerating and improving traditional glass research methods, assisting glass composition-property correlation prediction, and suggestions for optical glass formulation design. Finally, the application prospects and future development trends of machine learning in optical functional glass research are analyzed and forecasted. The research process of optical functional glass materials involves long research and development cycles and low efficiency. Greatly hindered the development of optical glass materials. The emergence of machine learning technology has greatly promoted the development of glass materials science. By learning the laws contained in the data, learning and predicting new data from the huge and complex glass data has accelerated the research and development process of optical functional glass. This paper summarizes and demonstrates several types of machine learning algorithms involved in the prediction of optical glass and briefly introduces them. On this basis, it focuses on summarizing the important applications of these theoretical algorithms in glass research, including accelerating and improving traditional glass research methods, assisting glass composition-property correlation prediction, and suggestions for optical glass formulation design. Finally, the application prospects and future development trends of machine learning in optical functional glass research are analyzed and forecasted.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900004 (2024)
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