The false alert caused by environmental disturbances is the main reason for application limitation of vibration optical fiber. One of the key issues to reduce the rate of false alert is how to extract features sensitive to the type and amplitude of vibrations. The feature extraction method of vibration signals of an optical fiber sensor on time-domain and frequency-domain based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometric principle is researched. The variation rules of common vibration source time frequency feature parameters are analyzed, and the thresholds of features of common vibration source are determined through experiments. The experiments show that the types of vibration signals are identified correctly through setting multiple thresholds for time domain and frequency domain of the vibration signals, and the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method for extracting the feature parameters are validated.