• Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
  • Vol. 60, Issue 24, 2412005 (2023)
Mingzheng Sun and Hao Li*
Author Affiliations
  • School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
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    DOI: 10.3788/LOP230912 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Mingzheng Sun, Hao Li. Infrared Image Fault Detection of Photovoltaic Modules Based on Residual Photovoltaic Network[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(24): 2412005 Copy Citation Text show less
    Model of ResPNet
    Fig. 1. Model of ResPNet
    Model of Residual block
    Fig. 2. Model of Residual block
    Model of Respblock
    Fig. 3. Model of Respblock
    Model of Gblock
    Fig. 4. Model of Gblock
    Ensemble neural network framework for prediction of photovoltaic modules
    Fig. 5. Ensemble neural network framework for prediction of photovoltaic modules
    Training loss of each model
    Fig. 6. Training loss of each model
    Validation accuracy of each model
    Fig. 7. Validation accuracy of each model
    Feature layer visualization information of underlying feature information enhancement module. (a) Feature maps information of ResNet-50; (b) feature maps information of ResPNet[D]
    Fig. 8. Feature layer visualization information of underlying feature information enhancement module. (a) Feature maps information of ResNet-50; (b) feature maps information of ResPNet[D]
    Feature layer visualization information of Respblock module. (a) Feature maps information of ResPNet[D]; (b) feature maps information of ResPNet[P]
    Fig. 9. Feature layer visualization information of Respblock module. (a) Feature maps information of ResPNet[D]; (b) feature maps information of ResPNet[P]
    Feature layer visualization information of Gblock module. (a) Feature maps information of ResPNet[P]; (b) feature maps information of ResPNet[G]
    Fig. 10. Feature layer visualization information of Gblock module. (a) Feature maps information of ResPNet[P]; (b) feature maps information of ResPNet[G]
    Test results of different photovoltaic module fault detection models. (a) ResNet; (b) ResPNet
    Fig. 11. Test results of different photovoltaic module fault detection models. (a) ResNet; (b) ResPNet
    Test results of cascaded photovoltaic module fault detection
    Fig. 12. Test results of cascaded photovoltaic module fault detection
    Fault nameFault descriptionNumber of imagesNumber of images in train and validation datasetNumber of images in test dataset
    CellThere is a single square hot spot in the photovoltaic module18771689188
    Cell-multiThere are multiple square hot spots in the photovoltaic module12881160128
    CrackingCracks exist on the surface of the photovoltaic module94084595
    Hot-spotA single hot spot exists on the surface of the photovoltaic module24922425
    Hot-spot-multiThere are multiple hot spots on the surface of the photovoltaic module24622224
    ShadowingShadows created by plants,artifacts between adjacent rows1056950106
    DiodeBypass diode short circuit causes that 1/3 photovoltaic module cannot operate normally14991349150
    Diode-multiThe short circuit of the bypass diode causes that 2/3 of the photovoltaic module cannot operate normally17515817
    VegetationThe plants shade the photovoltaic module16391476163
    SoilingDust and garbage may block the surface of the photovoltaic module20418321
    Offline-moduleThe entire photovoltaic module fails to operate properly82774483
    No-anomalyTrouble-free1000090001000
    Table 1. Description of photovoltaic module and dataset partitioning
    Fault nameImage data
    Cell
    Cell-multi
    Cracking
    Hot-spot
    Hot-spot-multi
    Shadowing
    Diode
    Diode-multi
    Vegetation
    Soiling
    Offline-module
    No-anomaly
    Table 2. Type of photovoltaic module images
    DatasetModelAc /%
    Infrared Solar ModulesResNet-5083.2
    ResPNet[D]83.8
    ResPNet[P]84.4
    ResPNet[G]84.6
    Table 3. Ablation experiment results of infrared image classification accuracy of photovoltaic modules
    ModelAc /%Ap /%Ar /%FF1-Score /%Speed /ms
    ShuffleNetV21976.859.854.156.84.9
    MobileNetV22078.363.057.259.94.0
    ResNet-501483.274.267.970.95.1
    ResNet-1011483.574.367.070.412.3
    EfficientNetV72181.468.763.666.126.9
    Alves et al.模型1178.8
    CNN-SVM1282.9
    Le et al.模型1384.1
    ResPNet[G]84.675.867.671.530.8
    Table 4. Model accuracy of infrared image classification in photovoltaic modules
    ModelNo. of modelAc /%
    Proposed by Le et al. 131585.9
    ResPNet[G]385.9
    Table 5. Integrated models for infrared image classification accuracy of photovoltaic module
    Mingzheng Sun, Hao Li. Infrared Image Fault Detection of Photovoltaic Modules Based on Residual Photovoltaic Network[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(24): 2412005
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