High-efficiency and high-power single-frequency fiber laser at 1.6 μm based on cascaded energy-transfer pumping

Xianchao Guan; Qilai Zhao; Wei Lin; Tianyi Tan; Changsheng Yang; Pengfei Ma; Zhongmin Yang; Shanhui Xu

doi:10.1364/PRJ.383174

Abstract

In this paper, a technique combining cascaded energy-transfer pumping (CEP) method and master-oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) configuration is proposed for power scaling of 1.6-μm-band single-frequency fiber lasers (SFFLs), where the ${Er}^{3 +}$ ion has a limited gain. The CEP technique is fulfilled by coupling a primary signal light at 1.6 μm and a C-band auxiliary laser. The numerical model of the fiber amplifier with the CEP technique reveals that the energy transfer process involves the pump competition and the in-band particle transition between the signal and auxiliary lights. Moreover, for the signal emission, the population density in the upper level is enhanced, and the effective population inversion is achieved thanks to the CEP. A single-frequency MOPA laser at 1603 nm with an output power of 52.6 W and an improved slope efficiency of 30.4% is experimentally obtained through the CEP technique. Besides, a laser linewidth of 5.2 kHz and a signal-to-auxiliary laser ratio of 60.7 dB are obtained at the maximum output power. The proposed technique is anticipated to be promising for increasing the slope efficiency and power scaling for fiber lasers operating at L band.

1. INTRODUCTION

Single-frequency fiber lasers (SFFLs) operating at 1.6 μm have high potential for many applications, such as atmospheric remote sensing, optical frequency standards, free-space communication, high-resolution molecular spectroscopy, and pump source for ${Tm}^{3 +}$ -doped or ${Tm}^{3 +} / {Ho}^{3 +}$ co-doped gain media [1–5]. The master laser in the injection-locked system for coherent lidar is also one of the most promising applications of the 1.6 μm SFFL with high power and narrow linewidth [6]. Single-frequency (SF) lasers operating at 1.6 μm have been generated and amplified using ${Er}^{3 +}$ -doped YAG crystals [7–11]. Nonetheless, lasers with all-fiber structure possess unique advantages because of their compactness, excellent beam quality, and environmental reliability, and have started to challenge bulk solid-state lasers [12]. Hence, from the perspective of application requirements, it is desirable to obtain SFFLs operating at 1.6 μm with superior performance, particularly high output power, narrow linewidth, and all-fiber structure.

A linearly polarized SFFL at 1603 nm with an output power of 20 mW and a laser linewidth of 1.9 kHz has been successfully achieved on the foundation of the heavily ${Er}^{3 +} / {Yb}^{3 +}$ co-doped phosphate glass fiber in our group [13]. Unfortunately, for the 1.6 μm SFFLs all-fiber master-oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) configuration, the output powers were usually limited to 20 W and slope efficiencies were around 20% in several experiments because of the low emission cross section of the ${Er}^{3 +}$ ion near 1.6 μm [6,14–16]. Besides, the power scaling of 1.6 μm lasers is easy to be saturated, and the signal characteristics severely degrade due to a large amount of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) [13,17]. Usually, more pump power and longer active fiber can offer more gain for signal light in a MOPA system. However, for SFFLs working at 1.6 μm, increasing the active fiber length may favor the Brillouin scattering and strongly limit the signal power scaling [18,19]. In addition, more pump power would lead to heating due to residual energy. Therefore, directly increasing the pump power or the active fiber length cannot effectively amplify the laser power at 1.6 μm. According to the energy level diagram of an ${Er}^{3 +}$ -doped system, the C-band laser is a promising alternative for in-band pumping of 1.6 μm lasers. As a well-developed pumping method, in-band pumping can control excess gain in active fiber by limiting the excitation level [20].

In this paper, a cascaded energy-transfer pumping (CEP) technique that employs a C-band laser (auxiliary light) as an energy transmission link is designed to improve the output power and slope efficiency of 1.6 μm single-frequency (SF) MOPA lasers. Theoretically, a simulated model describes the transition of particles in the energy level system with the signal light at 1603 nm and the auxiliary light at 1550 nm, injected simultaneously. The conjecture of gain competition and the in-band energy transmission between the signal and auxiliary lasers are confirmed. Experimentally, by optimizing the active fiber length and the injected power of auxiliary light, the signal light in the MOPA system evolves according to the CEP technique. Finally, a 5.2-kHz-linewidth linearly polarized SFFL operating at 1603 nm with an output power of 52.6 W and a slope efficiency of 30.4% is demonstrated. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated ones.

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2. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

In principle, the stronger emission cross section of the ${Er}^{3 +}$ -doped fiber is mainly concentrated in the wavelength range of 1530–1560 nm, which is much higher than that in the L band (including 1603 nm) [16]. According to the energy level diagram of ${Er}^{3 +}$ , L- and C-band emissions share the approximate sublevels ( ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 a}}$ and ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 b}}$ ) splitting from the energy level ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2}}$ [14–16]. Since the upper sublevel ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 b}}$ has more particles than ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 a}}$ , ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 b}}$ can be applied as another source of particles for lasers at 1603 nm. The in-band rapid relaxation between these two sublevels conduces to enhance the population density and achieve the population inversion at sublevel ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 a}}$ for emission at 1603 nm. Hence, a C-band laser is chosen as the auxiliary laser and launched into the active fiber with the signal and pump lasers in the following simulation.

According to the above analysis, the physical processes therein can be described from the perspective of ion transitions. The simplified model of the ${Er}^{3 +} / {Yb}^{3 +}$ co-doped system is composed of a two-level structure of ${Yb}^{3 +}$ and a three-level structure of ${Er}^{3 +}$ [21,22], as shown in Fig. 1. The process of power amplification in ${Er}^{3 +} / {Yb}^{3 +}$ co-doped fiber under the excitation of a 976 nm laser diode (LD) has been studied in Refs. [22,23]. When the 1550 nm auxiliary light is coupled into the active fiber with the signal light, it is necessary to take the split energy levels ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2}}$ into account, namely, sublevels ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 a}}$ (green line) for the signal laser and ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 b}}$ (blue line) for the auxiliary laser. The 1550 nm auxiliary light has a great advantage in the gain competition with the 1603 nm laser, and more particles start to accumulate at the sublevel ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 b}}$ . After that, the particles in sublevel ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 b}}$ transition to another sublevel ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 a}}$ through the in-band nonradiative transition. Eventually, the power of the signal laser is amplified through stimulated emission.

Energy-level scheme of the Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped system with the auxiliary wave.

Figure 1.Energy-level scheme of the ${Er}^{3 +} / {Yb}^{3 +}$ co-doped system with the auxiliary wave.

According to Fig. 1, the key to the CEP technique is that the energy of the amplified 1550 nm laser is transmitted to the sub-level ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2 b}}$ by in-band fast relaxation, thereby enhancing the stimulated emission of the 1.6 μm laser. Therefore, the injected power of the auxiliary laser and the length of the active fiber mainly determine the two processes above. Based on the above-mentioned model, a numerical simulation of an ${Er}^{3 +} / {Yb}^{3 +}$ co-doped fiber amplifier with a CEP technique is conducted [24–26]. During the simulation process, the input signal power of 2.5 W and pump power of 170 W are assumed, which are designed according to the actual conditions in our experiment. The related parameters and the physical meaning used in the simulation are listed in Table 1.

Sym./Unit	Physical Meaning	Value
NEr/m−3	Er3+ concentrations	3×1025
NYb/m−3	Yb3+ concentrations	6×1025
Aeff/m2	Effective area of doped core	4.91×10−10
σ12a/m2	Absorption cross section at 1603 nm	2.18×10−25
σ2a1/m2	Emission cross section at 1603 nm	4.66×10−25
σ12b/m2	Absorption cross section at 1550 nm	5.13×10−25
σ2b1/m2	Emission cross section at 1550 nm	6.59×10−25
σ13/m2	Absorption cross section at 976 nm	1.68×10−25
σ56/m2	Emission cross section at 976 nm	1.51×10−24
τEr/s	Fluorescence lifetimes of Er3+ ions	7×10−3
τYb/s	Fluorescence lifetimes of Yb3+ ions	1×10−3
Ctr/m3·s−1	Cumulative upconversion energy transfer coefficient	0.85×10−22
Ccr/m3·s−1	Energy transfer coefficient from F5/22 level to I15/24 level	2.1×10−22

Table 1. Related Parameters Used in the Theoretical Simulation

View all Tables

Figures 2(a) and 2(b) below show the output auxiliary and signal laser powers against the active fiber length of 0–10 m with different input auxiliary powers of 0, 200, 400, 500, and 600 mW, respectively. The inset graph of Fig. 2(a) depicts the residual pump power against the active fiber length. On the one hand, the amplification of 1550 nm auxiliary light is the first step in achieving the CEP process. The choice of the auxiliary power determines the amplification result of the signal light. It can be found from the inset graph of Fig. 2(a) that a 5-m-long active fiber is enough to absorb the pump power completely. According to Fig. 2, little ASE power at 1.5 μm-band is generated and the maximum signal power is 18.11 W when no auxiliary light is injected into the active fiber. Once the auxiliary power is coupled into the active fiber from 200 to 500 mW, the signal power has been significantly improved. Further increase of auxiliary power to 600 mW plays an unobvious role in the improvement of the signal power. Depending on the simulated results in Fig. 2, the input auxiliary power of 500 mW is the optimal condition for the CEP technique and can be used as a reference for the subsequent experiment.

Figure 2.Simulated results on the output powers of (a) auxiliary (1550 nm); inset, pump (976 nm); and (b) signal (1603 nm) waves versus the active fiber length with input auxiliary powers of 0, 200, 400, 500, and 600 mW, respectively.

On the other hand, the CEP process places a requirement on the length of the gain fiber for the integrity of the CEP process. According to Fig. 2, as the active fiber length increases, the auxiliary powers improve rapidly and reach the maximum with the $\sim 3.1 - m - long$ active fiber. After that, the auxiliary powers are quickly absorbed, and there are almost none remaining with the 5.8-m-long active fiber. The signal power after the 5.6-m-long active fiber is saturated because the energy provided by the residual auxiliary light is not sufficient to offset its loss and absorption. Hence, the 5.6-m-long active fiber ensures that the CEP process described in Fig. 1 is complete and the maximum signal power is obtained. However, a 5.8-m-long active fiber is a preferred choice to absorb the residual pump and auxiliary lights.

Figure 3 reveals the power evolutions of signal, auxiliary, and pump lasers along a 5.8-m-long active fiber with the input auxiliary power of 500 mW and elaborates on the interaction among the three waves. The power evolutions of the three lasers could be divided into three stages. The auxiliary power enhances more rapidly than the signal power in the front of the active fiber and achieves the maximum power first in stage $α$ because in this stage, more pump energy is delivered to the auxiliary light (1550 nm), which has a higher emission cross section. During stage $β$ , the power of 1603 nm laser ramps up in an increasing slope because the signal laser in this stage is amplified through absorbing both the pump and amplified auxiliary energy simultaneously until the pump laser almost exhausts. Ultimately, in stage $γ$ , the signal power ascends by extracting the stored energy of 1550 nm laser and gradually saturates by acquiring the balance between the gain and dissipation.

Figure 3.Power evolutions of the signal, auxiliary, and pump lasers in a 5.8-m-long active fiber with the input auxiliary power of 500 mW.

3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

As a demonstration of the CEP technique, a narrow-linewidth high-power polarization-maintaining (PM) SF all-fiber MOPA at 1603 nm with an auxiliary laser is established. The MOPA consists of a PM distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) seed oscillator and a three-cascaded fiber amplifier, as shown in Fig. 4. The 1.6 μm DBR seed laser emits an output power of 14 mW, a laser linewidth of 5.3 kHz, and a polarization extinction ratio (PER) of 20 dB, which is similar to our previous work [13]. The signal power from the seed laser is then amplified to 190 mW and 2.5 W by two preamplifiers (first preamplifier and second preamplifier) with 10/128-μm core/cladding-diameter active fiber, respectively. A laser linewidth remains unchanged at 5.2 kHz, and a PER is 20 dB after these two preamplifiers.

Figure 4.Experimental setup of high-power narrow-linewidth PM SF MOPA system at 1.6 μm.

After the second preamplifier, a 1550/1603 nm PM wavelength division multiplexer (PM-WDM) is employed to combine the homemade 1550 nm auxiliary light and the signal light. An optical circulator (OC) is used between the power amplifier and the 1550 nm fiber laser to prevent the auxiliary laser being destroyed by backward-propagating 1.5-μm-band ASE. A PM mode field adapter (PM-MFA) is used to reduce the coupling loss between the different passive fibers. A PM large-mode area ${Er}^{3 +} / {Yb}^{3 +}$ co-doped double cladding fiber (PLMA-EYDF) with a core/cladding diameter of 25/300 μm is employed in the power amplifier. The active fiber is wound into a circle with a diameter of 11–15 cm to filter out higher-order modes. The power amplifier is copumped by two 976 nm multimode LDs (total maximum power of $\sim 170 W$ ). A cladding-mode stripper (CMS) is utilized to remove the residual pump light. An endcap is used as the output end of the laser system to avoid any end-face reflection.

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

First, different lengths of active fiber are utilized to explore the impact on the laser output characteristics. The input signal power and auxiliary power are set at 2.5 W and 500 mW, respectively. Based on the above simulation results, a 5.8-m-long active fiber is selected for the power amplifier, and the other fiber lengths of 3.8 and 8.4 m are also employed severally for comparison. The measured output powers versus the pump power are exhibited in Fig. 5(a). It can be noted that all the output powers enhance linearly with the increasing pump power. The obtained maximum signal power and the slope efficiency are 52.6 W and 30.4%, respectively, with a 5.8-m-long active fiber. By contrast, the output powers reduce to 44 and 36 W with 3.8 and 8.4-m-long ones, respectively. Moreover, both of the corresponding slope efficiencies are also lower than that with the 5.8-m-long one.

Figure 5.(a) Output power versus the pump power and (b) output spectra with 3.8, 5.8, and 8.4-m-long active fiber and injected auxiliary power of 500 mW.

In addition, the corresponding output spectra are also measured by an optical spectrum analyzer with the resolution of 0.02 nm and scanning wavelength range of 950–1650 nm at the maximum signal powers, as shown in Fig. 5(b). Here, the signal-to-the-auxiliary-laser ratio (SAR) is defined to calibrate the component ratio of the signal light. While a 5.8-m-long active fiber is used, the SAR of 60.7 dB is obtained, and that is 64.3 dB with an 8.4-m-long one because a longer active fiber absorbs more auxiliary wave. However, when a 3.8-m-long active fiber is utilized, the corresponding SAR is only 4.1 dB. According to the experimental results, short active fiber length could not provide enough gain for the signal laser and fully absorb the auxiliary wave, and long fiber absorbs not only the auxiliary power but also the signal power in the extra fiber. The trend is consistent with theoretical results in Fig. 2. Thus, according to both the output power and spectral results, the active fiber length of 5.8 m is an optimal one.

For verifying the effect of the input auxiliary powers on the characteristics of the output wave, the output powers are measured with different input auxiliary powers from 0 to 600 mW and a 5.8-m-long active fiber, as shown in Fig. 6. Without the auxiliary laser injected (0 mW), the maximum output signal power is 16.3 W, and the corresponding slope efficiency is 17.0%. Additionally, the output signal power remains substantially unchanged, even with more pump power. However, once the auxiliary laser is coupled into the active fiber with the signal wave, the slope efficiency improves to over 20%. Meanwhile, the output powers enhance linearly to more than 40 W, and no power saturation is observed. Ultimately, the maximum slope efficiency of $\sim 30.4 %$ and the output power of $\sim 52.6 W$ , which is limited by the pump power, are obtained when the input auxiliary power reaches 500 mW. It can be found that further improvement in the input auxiliary power has no evident contribution to the output power.

Figure 6.Output power versus the pump power with the input auxiliary power of 0, 200, 400, 500, and 600 mW, respectively.

The longer fiber in MOPA always brings about a lower stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold, especially for narrow-linewidth lasers. According to the SBS threshold expression [27], the SBS threshold power of the 7.3-m-long fiber amplifier (5.8-m-long active fiber and 1.5-m-long passive fiber) with a fiber core diameter of 25 μm is estimated to be 36.0 W. However, the output power of 52.6 W is actually higher than the theoretical SBS threshold. Due to gain competition, the output power scaling of the signal laser is limited in the front portion of the active fiber, as shown in Fig. 2. Through seeding both the SF signal and the broadband auxiliary light, the effective length of the amplifier is shortened as the signal experiences a rapid rise at the output end of the active fiber [28]. Moreover, due to gain competition, steep thermal gradients are optically induced near the output end of the fiber, and the SBS threshold is enhanced [28]. The output signal power could be further improved through heightening more pump powers. Hence, the proposed MOPA system with a CEP technique is an effective method to enhance the SBS threshold and improve the output power scaling of a narrow-linewidth SFFL.

The SARs of output laser at the maximum output powers can be obtained from the measured spectra, as shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen that there is no obvious ASE left. The SAR is reduced from 70.1 to 52.7 dB with the increase of input auxiliary power from 0 to 600 mW. Namely, higher input auxiliary power causes a greater ratio of the residual laser at 1550 nm. When the input auxiliary power is more than 500 mW, even though the maximum output power does not continue to grow, the corresponding SAR will continue to deteriorate.

Figure 7.Output spectra with the input auxiliary power of 0, 200, 400, 500, and 600 mW, respectively.

The spectral linewidths of output laser are measured at the maximum output powers to explore whether an injected auxiliary laser would have an impact on the output characteristics, as shown in Fig. 8. For the consistency and accuracy of the experimental measurement results, when linewidths are measured, the powers injected into the photodetectors are attenuated to be the same. The linewidth of the output laser is tested based on the self-heterodyne method. The measuring device is mainly composed of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, a 48.8 km fiber delay line, and a 40 MHz fiber-coupled acoustic-optic modulator [28–30]. According to Fig. 8, the MOPA laser has almost the same spectral linewidth as that of the seed laser. The measured self-heterodyne signal is fitted to a Lorentzian profile to estimate the spectral linewidth with 104.5 kHz at $- 20 dB$ from the peak, indicating that the measured full width at half-maximum is 5.2 kHz.

Figure 8.Measured spectral linewidths at the maximum output powers.

Furthermore, the output power at the maximum is measured for more than 1 h in Fig. 9, and the result shows that the power stability is less than $\pm 1.4 %$ . Inset (1) in Fig. 9 shows the measured far-field beam profile at the maximum operation power. Due to the effective coiled diameter of the active fiber, this laser can easily work in fundamental mode operation. Additionally, the SF characteristic of the MOPA is verified by a scanning Fabry–Perot interferometer with a resolution of 7.5 MHz and a free spectral range of 1.5 GHz. The measurement result is shown in inset (2) of Fig. 9, which demonstrates only one longitudinal mode oscillating stably within a scanning period.

Figure 9.Output power stability at the full power for $> 1 h$ . Inset, (1) transverse shape of the output beam; (2) longitudinal mode characteristic of the MOPA.

5. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we have theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that the CEP technique could significantly improve the output power, slope efficiency, and SBS threshold of the SF MOPA operating at 1603 nm. Theoretically, by injecting a C-band auxiliary laser into the primary signal laser at 1.6 μm, gain competition and in-band energy transfer are strengthened between these two bands. This MOPA system, based on the CEP technique, overcomes the low gain of ${Er}^{3 +}$ -doped fiber at 1.6 μm. Experimentally, a linearly polarized SFFL operating at 1603 nm with a slope efficiency of 30.4% and maximum output power of 52.6 W is realized with the active fiber length of 5.8 m and injected auxiliary power of 500 mW. Meanwhile, a linewidth of 5.2 kHz and an SAR of 60.7 dB are obtained at the maximum output power. Further power scaling can be achieved with more pump power. The results show that this MOPA system with the CEP technique can be employed as a potentially crucial approach to the amplifier in the L-band laser, especially for narrow-linewidth SFFLs.

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