With the progress of science and technology, the algorithm of neural network is gradually improved, and its structure and functions are constantly developing. It has widely application, especially in the field of optoelectronic information. In order to adapt to the deepening trend of neural network and popularize the subject knowledge of neural network, the concept and types of neural network and classical BP neural network algorithm are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of neural network algorithms and their applications in the field of optoelectronic technology are analyzed, which provides some theoretical guidance for the scientific and technological personnel in the field of optoelectronics.