By using COMSOL Multiphysics software to simulate a high-power mobile laser cleaning experimental platform with wavelength of 1064 nm, repetition rate of 20?100 kHz and power of 1000 W, visualized analysis of the laser cleaning process is carried out. The effects of the peak power density and cleaning speed on the changes of the temperature field and erosion morphology of the pollutant layer and substrate are investigated. To validate the findings, scanning electron microscope and roughness testers are utilized to study the laser cleaning effects under different peak power densities and overlapping ratios. The results show that with the increase of the laser cleaning time, the temperature variation during the laser cleaning process on the rust layer followed Gaussian distribution. The theoretical cleaning threshold and damage threshold for cleaning 45-grade steel found to be 1.9×10⁷ W/cm² and 10.0×10⁷ W/cm², respectively. Within these thresholds, the cleaning efficiency and the cleaning effect improved with an appropriate reduction of the cleaning speed as the peak power density increased. The best cleaning effect achieved with peak power density of 6.0×10⁷ W/cm², cleaning speed of 300 mm/s and corresponding overlap ratio of 70%. These findings are significant for enabling the industrial parameterization of kilowatt-level laser cleaning experiments.