Bioaerosols are aerosols containing biological particles such as bacteria, fungi, pollen, etc. The spread of bioaerosols has a potential impact on human health and the atmospheric environment. In addition, bioaerosols are also used as the release mode of biological agents in military activities. Therefore, real-time detection of bioaerosols in the air, rapid identification of aerosols types, and determination of concentrations and dangerous levels of bioaerosols are important methods to reduce exposure to pathogenic bioaerosols, protect personnel and environmental safety, and prevent bio-terrorist attacks. Biological particles contain typical fluorophores such as tryptophan, tyrosine or riboflavin. The feature fluorescence spectrum can be obtained via laser-induced these biological substances, thus completing the detection and identification of biological aerosols. The real-time detection system of bioaerosols based on the fluorescence method offers significant technological advantages in identifying aerosols biological and physical characteristics. The basic principles of measuring bioaerosols are briefly introduced. The research on the real-time detection system of bioaerosols is summarized in three aspects: the triggering method of the fluorescence excitation light source, the type of the fluorescence excitation light source and the signal acquisition system. Finally, the development direction of the real-time detection system of bioaerosols is discussed, which provides a reference for the subsequent research of the real-time detection system of bioaerosols.