Opportunities and Challenges of Optoelectronic Co-Packaging Technology in the Era of Big Data
Lingyan Bian, Yanping Zeng, Ying Cai, Xiao Lu, Qianrong Zhou, Qinglin Tang, Tingwei Gu, and Lu Wang
In the era of artificial intelligence and big data, the demand for data storage, transmission, and processing capabilities has surged. Thus, the prerequisites for data transmission, including bandwidth and communication speed, have experienced an escalation. However, owing to the influence of dielectric materials and transmission rate, the electrical interconnections in system-level packaging present strong phenomena, such as loss, reflection, delay, and crosstalk, which cannot meet the requirements of increasing bandwidth and communication speed. Consequently, advanced packaging technology and photoelectric co-packaging technology encapsulate optical modules and electrical chips within the same package, thereby reducing the interconnection length between them and parasitic effects. Furthermore, it has numerous advantages, such as wide band, anti-electromagnetic interference, low transmission loss and power consumption, and hence, it has become a research hotspot in recent years. This article discusses the basic concepts and advantages of optoelectronic co-packaging, introduces typical 2D, 2.5D, and 3D technologies and the latest developments at home and abroad, and analyzes the challenges that must be addressed as a new generation packaging technology.In the era of artificial intelligence and big data, the demand for data storage, transmission, and processing capabilities has surged. Thus, the prerequisites for data transmission, including bandwidth and communication speed, have experienced an escalation. However, owing to the influence of dielectric materials and transmission rate, the electrical interconnections in system-level packaging present strong phenomena, such as loss, reflection, delay, and crosstalk, which cannot meet the requirements of increasing bandwidth and communication speed. Consequently, advanced packaging technology and photoelectric co-packaging technology encapsulate optical modules and electrical chips within the same package, thereby reducing the interconnection length between them and parasitic effects. Furthermore, it has numerous advantages, such as wide band, anti-electromagnetic interference, low transmission loss and power consumption, and hence, it has become a research hotspot in recent years. This article discusses the basic concepts and advantages of optoelectronic co-packaging, introduces typical 2D, 2.5D, and 3D technologies and the latest developments at home and abroad, and analyzes the challenges that must be addressed as a new generation packaging technology.
- May. 10, 2024
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900006 (2024)
- DOI：10.3788/LOP231348
Research Progress of Optical Functional Glass Based on Machine Learning
Lili Fu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Huimin Xu, Qingying Ren, Ruilin Zheng, and Wei Wei
The research process of optical functional glass materials involves long research and development cycles and low efficiency. Greatly hindered the development of optical glass materials. The emergence of machine learning technology has greatly promoted the development of glass materials science. By learning the laws contained in the data, learning and predicting new data from the huge and complex glass data has accelerated the research and development process of optical functional glass. This paper summarizes and demonstrates several types of machine learning algorithms involved in the prediction of optical glass and briefly introduces them. On this basis, it focuses on summarizing the important applications of these theoretical algorithms in glass research, including accelerating and improving traditional glass research methods, assisting glass composition-property correlation prediction, and suggestions for optical glass formulation design. Finally, the application prospects and future development trends of machine learning in optical functional glass research are analyzed and forecasted.The research process of optical functional glass materials involves long research and development cycles and low efficiency. Greatly hindered the development of optical glass materials. The emergence of machine learning technology has greatly promoted the development of glass materials science. By learning the laws contained in the data, learning and predicting new data from the huge and complex glass data has accelerated the research and development process of optical functional glass. This paper summarizes and demonstrates several types of machine learning algorithms involved in the prediction of optical glass and briefly introduces them. On this basis, it focuses on summarizing the important applications of these theoretical algorithms in glass research, including accelerating and improving traditional glass research methods, assisting glass composition-property correlation prediction, and suggestions for optical glass formulation design. Finally, the application prospects and future development trends of machine learning in optical functional glass research are analyzed and forecasted.
- May. 10, 2024
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900004 (2024)
- DOI：10.3788/LOP231278
Design of Underwater Spot Target Tracking Software Based on Qt and MATLAB Mixed Programming
Kaiqiang Wang, Zhe Li, Zhenchong Xing, and Xianxian Ma
Underwater laser communication has significant technological advantages over traditional underwater wireless communication methods such as acoustic, long-wave, and very-long-wave communication. However, the underwater environment makes the signal spot vulnerable to deformation and flicker, thus hindering the establishment and maintenance of a reliable optical link. To overcome this problem, we devise an underwater spot tracking software design approach based on Qt and MATLAB mixed programming. The approach adopts the Mean Shift iterative algorithm for underwater spot target recognition and localization. A mixed programming method of MATLAB and Qt is used to create the software interface, build a water tank experimental platform, and import the spot photographs. Spot target recognition and movement trajectory drawing are realized using the software, thus verifying the effectiveness of the algorithm. The final result is essentially consistent with the actual spot trajectory, and the maximum error offset is 7.28 pixel.Underwater laser communication has significant technological advantages over traditional underwater wireless communication methods such as acoustic, long-wave, and very-long-wave communication. However, the underwater environment makes the signal spot vulnerable to deformation and flicker, thus hindering the establishment and maintenance of a reliable optical link. To overcome this problem, we devise an underwater spot tracking software design approach based on Qt and MATLAB mixed programming. The approach adopts the Mean Shift iterative algorithm for underwater spot target recognition and localization. A mixed programming method of MATLAB and Qt is used to create the software interface, build a water tank experimental platform, and import the spot photographs. Spot target recognition and movement trajectory drawing are realized using the software, thus verifying the effectiveness of the algorithm. The final result is essentially consistent with the actual spot trajectory, and the maximum error offset is 7.28 pixel.
- May. 10, 2024
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0922003 (2024)
- DOI：10.3788/LOP231243
Broadband and High-Flatness Balanced Homodyne Detector for Continuous-Variable Quantum Random Number Generation
Juan Deng, Yangqiang Guo, Hong Lin, Jiehong Lin, and Xiaomin Guo
This study presents a high-gain broadband balanced homodyne detector, utilizing cascade amplification to generate continuous-variable quantum random numbers. The innovative approach of distributed parameter circuit analysis and optimization simulation is introduced into the circuit design of the broadband balanced homodyne detector. The objective is to enhance the transmission attributes of the ultra-high-frequency circuit. This is realized by optimally combining different elements and selecting key electronic components, guided by system stability indicators. Hence, a balanced homodyne detector was developed with a bandwidth surpassing 1.65 GHz and gain flatness of ±2 dB within the 0.2?930 MHz range. This study proposes a novel design perspective for broadband balanced homodyne detectors. The enhanced features of the detectors facilitate a more efficient derivation of continuous-variable quantum state random entropy sources, thereby propelling the rate enhancement and practical advancement of continuous-variable quantum random number generators.This study presents a high-gain broadband balanced homodyne detector, utilizing cascade amplification to generate continuous-variable quantum random numbers. The innovative approach of distributed parameter circuit analysis and optimization simulation is introduced into the circuit design of the broadband balanced homodyne detector. The objective is to enhance the transmission attributes of the ultra-high-frequency circuit. This is realized by optimally combining different elements and selecting key electronic components, guided by system stability indicators. Hence, a balanced homodyne detector was developed with a bandwidth surpassing 1.65 GHz and gain flatness of ±2 dB within the 0.2?930 MHz range. This study proposes a novel design perspective for broadband balanced homodyne detectors. The enhanced features of the detectors facilitate a more efficient derivation of continuous-variable quantum state random entropy sources, thereby propelling the rate enhancement and practical advancement of continuous-variable quantum random number generators.
- May. 10, 2024
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0904001 (2024)
- DOI：10.3788/LOP231233
Improved Measurement-Based Blind Quantum Computation Protocol
Yuzhan Yan, Zhen Yang, Yuanmao Luo, Guangyang Wu, Mingqiang Bai, and Zhiwen Mo
Blind quantum computation refers to the delegation of complex computation from a client with limited quantum capabilities or complete classical abilities to a server possessing ample quantum power. This reduces computational demands from the client. To reduce the economic pressure of the client and improve the execution effectiveness of blind quantum computation protocols, this paper introduces two enhanced measurement-based universal blind quantum computation protocols utilizing single-particle measurements. These protocols cater to quantum inputs featuring either real or complex coefficients. Each protocol involves two participants: the client, responsible for quantum state measurements and the exchange of classical or quantum information, and the server, tasked with preparing quantum states without measurement requirements. These protocols stand in contrast to the existing blind quantum computation approaches wherein the client solely undertakes measurements. The proposed protocols considerably reduce both the client's quantum and delegated costs while maintaining correctness, universality, and the concept of blindness.Blind quantum computation refers to the delegation of complex computation from a client with limited quantum capabilities or complete classical abilities to a server possessing ample quantum power. This reduces computational demands from the client. To reduce the economic pressure of the client and improve the execution effectiveness of blind quantum computation protocols, this paper introduces two enhanced measurement-based universal blind quantum computation protocols utilizing single-particle measurements. These protocols cater to quantum inputs featuring either real or complex coefficients. Each protocol involves two participants: the client, responsible for quantum state measurements and the exchange of classical or quantum information, and the server, tasked with preparing quantum states without measurement requirements. These protocols stand in contrast to the existing blind quantum computation approaches wherein the client solely undertakes measurements. The proposed protocols considerably reduce both the client's quantum and delegated costs while maintaining correctness, universality, and the concept of blindness.
- May. 10, 2024
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0927001 (2024)
- DOI：10.3788/LOP231217
Research Progress of Shifted Excitation Raman Difference Spectroscopy
Yingli Liu, Taotao Mu, and Shaohua Chen
Fluorescence interference is a major challenge in Raman spectroscopy, as strong fluorescence will seriously affect the detection of Raman spectroscopy signals. This paper introduces several differential Raman spectrum restoration methods (integration method, curve fitting method, deconvolution method, etc.) of shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy for defluorescence technology, and discusses its principle, implementation, and performance characteristics. In addition, the application of differential Raman spectroscopy in food, medicine, agriculture and other fields is analyzed in detail, which shows that shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy has broad application prospects.Fluorescence interference is a major challenge in Raman spectroscopy, as strong fluorescence will seriously affect the detection of Raman spectroscopy signals. This paper introduces several differential Raman spectrum restoration methods (integration method, curve fitting method, deconvolution method, etc.) of shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy for defluorescence technology, and discusses its principle, implementation, and performance characteristics. In addition, the application of differential Raman spectroscopy in food, medicine, agriculture and other fields is analyzed in detail, which shows that shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy has broad application prospects.
- May. 10, 2024
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900003 (2024)
- DOI：10.3788/LOP231206
Design of Pattern Reconfigurable Microstrip Array Antenna in Terahertz Band
Ying Wang, Chunshu Li, and Xiang Yan
A graphene-based reconfigurable microstrip array antenna suitable for the terahertz band was designed in this study. The design combined the unique advantages of grapheme for impedance matching and electrical controllability in the terahertz band and the characteristics of high radiation efficiency of the reconfigurable microstrip array antenna. The array antenna unit embedded a graphene patch in the radiant patch as a switch and changed the switch's on-off and off-off states by adjusting the applied bias voltage of graphene. The antenna unit and the array antenna have an operating frequency of 5.012 THz. The antenna unit exhibits strong gain characteristics and anti-interference performance, and can realize the pattern of adjustment to 12°?24° at the working frequency. The 2×2 microstrip array antenna composed of the antenna unit can realize the pattern reconfiguration function of 0°?13°. The simulation results show that the maximum gain of the array antenna is 12.5 dBi and the maximum beam width is 51.4°. In addition, the array antenna exhibits good directivity and anti-interference ability.A graphene-based reconfigurable microstrip array antenna suitable for the terahertz band was designed in this study. The design combined the unique advantages of grapheme for impedance matching and electrical controllability in the terahertz band and the characteristics of high radiation efficiency of the reconfigurable microstrip array antenna. The array antenna unit embedded a graphene patch in the radiant patch as a switch and changed the switch's on-off and off-off states by adjusting the applied bias voltage of graphene. The antenna unit and the array antenna have an operating frequency of 5.012 THz. The antenna unit exhibits strong gain characteristics and anti-interference performance, and can realize the pattern of adjustment to 12°?24° at the working frequency. The 2×2 microstrip array antenna composed of the antenna unit can realize the pattern reconfiguration function of 0°?13°. The simulation results show that the maximum gain of the array antenna is 12.5 dBi and the maximum beam width is 51.4°. In addition, the array antenna exhibits good directivity and anti-interference ability.
- May. 10, 2024
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0906002 (2024)
- DOI：10.3788/LOP231190
Review of Current Status and Development of Liquid Lens
Haibo Liu, Yuan Hu, Yuzhe Li, and Jinhui Zhao
Compared with traditional optical lenses, liquid lenses have the advantages of fast response, large zoom range, and high controllability, which are widely required in various fields, such as vision correction, microscopes, cellphone cameras, endoscopes, and bionic optics. This paper summarizes the technical developments in liquid lenses and briefly describes their working principle at home and abroad. Furthermore, it analyzes the related processing methods, performance indices, and application prospects of some typical liquid lenses. Finally, this work provides an outlook on the future development trend to provide useful references for further research on liquid lenses.Compared with traditional optical lenses, liquid lenses have the advantages of fast response, large zoom range, and high controllability, which are widely required in various fields, such as vision correction, microscopes, cellphone cameras, endoscopes, and bionic optics. This paper summarizes the technical developments in liquid lenses and briefly describes their working principle at home and abroad. Furthermore, it analyzes the related processing methods, performance indices, and application prospects of some typical liquid lenses. Finally, this work provides an outlook on the future development trend to provide useful references for further research on liquid lenses.
- May. 10, 2024
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900005 (2024)
- DOI：10.3788/LOP231170
Vortex Mode Amplification Based on Ring-Core Fiber Doped with PbSe Quantum Dots
Hengfei Guo, Huimei Wei, Na Chen, Yanhua Dong, Jianxiang Wen, Yana Shang, Zhenyi Chen, and Fufei Pang
The PbSe quantum dot-doped ring-core fiber is successfully prepared using a modified chemical vapor deposition method. The fiber has a double-clad structure, with a refractive index difference of approximately 2.2% between the ring core and the inner cladding. The types and contents of elements in the fiber are verified via electron probe microanalysis. The crystal structure of PbSe quantum dots is examined using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope, and the Raman spectrum is measured. The results proved that PbSe quantum dots were doped successfully into the ring-core fiber. This provides an important reference value for preparing semiconductor quantum dot-doped fiber. The PbSe quantum dot-doped ring-core fiber is the foundation for the vortex mode amplification system. The first- to third-order vortex amplifying modes are realized at 1550 nm. When the pump power is 634 mW, the on-off gains of all modes are greater than 13 dB, and the differential mode gains are less than 2.45 dB. This experimental system is expected to promote further research on vortex mode broadband amplification.The PbSe quantum dot-doped ring-core fiber is successfully prepared using a modified chemical vapor deposition method. The fiber has a double-clad structure, with a refractive index difference of approximately 2.2% between the ring core and the inner cladding. The types and contents of elements in the fiber are verified via electron probe microanalysis. The crystal structure of PbSe quantum dots is examined using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope, and the Raman spectrum is measured. The results proved that PbSe quantum dots were doped successfully into the ring-core fiber. This provides an important reference value for preparing semiconductor quantum dot-doped fiber. The PbSe quantum dot-doped ring-core fiber is the foundation for the vortex mode amplification system. The first- to third-order vortex amplifying modes are realized at 1550 nm. When the pump power is 634 mW, the on-off gains of all modes are greater than 13 dB, and the differential mode gains are less than 2.45 dB. This experimental system is expected to promote further research on vortex mode broadband amplification.
- May. 10, 2024
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0906001 (2024)
- DOI：10.3788/LOP231164
Research Progress of Aluminum Gallium Nitride Based Deep Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes
Yu Li, Yong Huang, Yuan Li, and Hao Jiang
Compared to fully commercialized nitride blue light light emitting diode (LED), the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of current Aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) based deep ultraviolet LED is still at a relatively low level. This review first introduces the current development status of AlGaN based deep ultraviolet LED and analyzes the reasons for low EQE. Then, the research progress in improving the EQE direction of AlGaN based deep ultraviolet LED in recent years is elaborated from three aspects: carrier injection efficiency, carrier radiation recombination efficiency, and light extraction efficiency. Finally, the current challenges and future development opportunities of AlGaN based deep ultraviolet LED were discussed.Compared to fully commercialized nitride blue light light emitting diode (LED), the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of current Aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) based deep ultraviolet LED is still at a relatively low level. This review first introduces the current development status of AlGaN based deep ultraviolet LED and analyzes the reasons for low EQE. Then, the research progress in improving the EQE direction of AlGaN based deep ultraviolet LED in recent years is elaborated from three aspects: carrier injection efficiency, carrier radiation recombination efficiency, and light extraction efficiency. Finally, the current challenges and future development opportunities of AlGaN based deep ultraviolet LED were discussed.
- May. 10, 2024
- Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900002 (2024)
- DOI：10.3788/LOP231080
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Special Issue on High-Field Terahertz Science, Technology and Application
Jan. 01, 2024
Special Issue on the 20th Anniversary of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) (2023)
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Editor (s): Jian Wang
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