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2020
Volume: 35 Issue 4
19 Article(s)
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Ecological profit and loss accounting in the preparation of natural resources balance sheet
Jie ZHANG, Yu-jie LIU, Tao PAN, Zhi-ming FENG, Yan-zhao YANG, and Quan-sheng GE
Ecological profit and loss accounting is an important part of the natural resources balance sheet and it is an extension and supplement to the classification of natural resources. This study combs the general idea of ecological profit and loss accounting, systematically summarizes the ecological profit and loss accountEcological profit and loss accounting is an important part of the natural resources balance sheet and it is an extension and supplement to the classification of natural resources. This study combs the general idea of ecological profit and loss accounting, systematically summarizes the ecological profit and loss accounting technology, and takes the Weichang county as an example. Following the principle of accounting for values after the physical quantity, the forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems are selected, the service indicator carries out the accounting of the physical quantity and the value quantity, and calculates the physical quantity parameter and the value quantity parameter of each type of ecosystem based on the existing accounting, so as to make a quick and simple accounting comparison based on the area statistics. The study found that, in 2015, the total value of the ecosystem service function value of Weichang county was 33.899 billion, an increase of 0.04% compared with 2013. The value of ecosystem services functioned from grassland to forest and wetland. The values of forest and grassland ecosystems decreased by 0.06% and 0.22%, respectively, and the value of wetland ecosystem increased by 4.47%. The results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the ecological effects brought by the changes in the quantity and quality of natural resources, and provide a data base for liability accounting in natural resource balance sheets..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 755 (2020)
Impact of China's "four modernizations" on water footprint intensity
Cai-zhi SUN, Can-can ZHANG, and Xiao-wen GAO
This paper adopts the data of 30 provincial-level regions in China from 2000 to 2016 (in which the data of Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Tibet are not collected), builds the "four- modernization" (industrialization, informatization, urbanization, agricultural modernization) index system, calculates the four-mThis paper adopts the data of 30 provincial-level regions in China from 2000 to 2016 (in which the data of Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Tibet are not collected), builds the "four- modernization" (industrialization, informatization, urbanization, agricultural modernization) index system, calculates the four-modernization index, and conducts regional four-modernization evaluation. Through the OLS and GMM regression models, the influence of the development of the four modernizations on the water footprint intensity is investigated, and the interaction between the four modernizations is set to identify the interaction between the four indicators. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: Firstly, from the perspective of regional development differences at the level of four modernizations, the level of China's four modernizations generally shows that the eastern region is better than the central region, and the central region is better than the western region. The distribution of water footprint intensity is similar. There may be a correlation between the level of development and the intensity of water footprint. Secondly, the econometric model shows that the improvement of the four modernizations has a positive impact on the improvement of water footprint intensity, but the impact of each modernization is different. Thirdly, the influence of the four-modernization interaction on the water footprint intensity is positive, indicating that the improvement effect of the four-modernization development on the water footprint intensity gradually converges. Therefore, priority is given to raising the level of the four modernizations in the backward areas. The improvement of the level of the four modernizations promotes the reduction of water footprint intensity and can effectively reduce the overall water footprint intensity level in China..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 767 (2020)
Evaluation of protection effect of coordinated management of different kinds of nature reserves
Yan CHEN, Peng HOU, Yuan WANG, Kai-feng PENG, Jun ZHAI, Hai-tao XU, Han-shou ZHU, and Chen-xi SUN
Ecology reserves are the key regions relating to national ecology security. Diving into different protection regions and taking effective measures play an important role in ecological protection management in China. Evaluation of protection effect of nature reserves and coordinated management of different kinds of natuEcology reserves are the key regions relating to national ecology security. Diving into different protection regions and taking effective measures play an important role in ecological protection management in China. Evaluation of protection effect of nature reserves and coordinated management of different kinds of nature reserves is of great significance. This paper takes nature reserves and key ecological function regions in Jilin as study reasons, they are prohibited and restricted development areas respectively. This article analyses ecological space, vegetation ecology and water conservation services in different kinds of nature reserves, then evaluates and examines different management effects of these regions resulting from management gradient. According to protection effect of important ecological space, the highest area proportion of important ecological space in Jilin province was observed in nature reserves, and the lowest human disturbance index was found in the study area, which is positively correlated with the strict degree of management and control of ecological protection. However, the proportion of important ecological space area decreased from 1980 to 2015, and the extent of reduction was not positively correlated with strictness of management and control. Secondly, according to protection effect of vegetation ecology, the vegetation coverage gradually decreased from the east to the west, which is consistent with the spatial characteristics that the key ecological function areas and most of forest nature reserves are in the east, and the wetlands are in the west. However, due to the high area proportion of wetlands and water type nature reserves, and most of them are located at grassland and plain in the west, the annual variation of vegetation coverage in nature reserves is larger than that of the key ecological function areas, while the multi-year stability of vegetation coverage is lower than that of the key ecological function areas. Thirdly, in terms of protection effect of water conservation services, the water conservation services capacity in the east and west is higher than that in the middle of Jilin province. This is closely related to the fact that most of forests, grasslands and wetlands of Jilin are located in the east and west, and that the key ecological function zone and most of forest nature reserves are also in these areas. The water conservation capacity and its stability in nature reserves is better than those outside the reserves..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 779 (2020)
Evaluation and analysis on suitability of development and utilization of the bank line resources in the middle reaches of Yangtze River
Pan XIAO, Ke PENG, Xing-yue-zi ZHAO, Xin-feng WANG, Chuan LIANG, and Gang CHENG
Waterfront resources in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are abundant, with quite high value of development and utilization. This paper establishes, based on sufficient analysis on characteristics of waterfront resources and geological environmental conditions in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the evalWaterfront resources in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are abundant, with quite high value of development and utilization. This paper establishes, based on sufficient analysis on characteristics of waterfront resources and geological environmental conditions in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the evaluation model for construction appropriateness of major projects such as port and wharf, river-crossing bridge and river-crossing tunnel etc. in the perspective of geology; classifies various project types into four levels i.e. appropriate for development, relatively appropriate for development, generally appropriate for development, and non-priority development by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and conducts zoning evaluation. According to the results, the port terminal in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is dominated by non-priority development areas, with a length of 931.47 km, accounting for 46.71% of the total length of the coastline; cross-river tunnels and cross-river bridges are mainly suitable for development and generally suitable for development areas, with the lengths being 1550.75 km and 1224.18 km, respectively, or 77.77% and 61.39% of the total length of the coastline. Finally, we put forward suggestions and rectification measures according to characteristics of each project level, so as to privide a theoretical basis for construction and deployment of major projects in terms of geology, promote the scientifically reasonable development and utilization as well as the effective protection of waterfront resources in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and further facilitate the development of Yangtze River Economic Zone and national spatial planning, and protect the sustainable and sound development of Yangtze River..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 788 (2020)
Spatio-temporal evolution and driving factors of land marketization in the Yellow River Basin since 2000
Yang SONG, Dao-lin ZHU, Li-xin ZHANG, and Hui ZHANG
From the perspective of transaction structure, this paper measured the degree of the marketization of primary land market in 104 cities above the prefecture level of the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2016, and analyzed its spatio-temporal pattern evolution by spatial statistical model such as the Global Moran's IFrom the perspective of transaction structure, this paper measured the degree of the marketization of primary land market in 104 cities above the prefecture level of the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2016, and analyzed its spatio-temporal pattern evolution by spatial statistical model such as the Global Moran's I and $G^{*}_{i}$ index. Grey correlation analysis model was used to explore the main influencing factors of the spatial-temporal evolution of land marketization level in the study area. The results of this study showed that, from 2000 to 2016, the land marketization level of the Yellow River Basin continued to rise at first and then decreased constantly, presenting a pattern "high level in the east, but low level in the west", which showed significant periodic differences. The land marketization of the whole Yellow River Basin had significant spatial autocorrelation. After accelerated expansion, the hotspots area of land marketization centered on downstream major cities shrank slowly. Several factors, such as the level of economic development, upgrading of industrial structure, investment in fixed assets, government revenue and expenditure ratio, foreign direct investment, and location conditions, influenced the evolution of the spatial-temporal pattern of the land marketization level in the river basin. However, due to the impact of social and economic development of China, the influence degree of various factors significantly changed in different years..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 799 (2020)
Optimization of ecological security pattern in the source area of Fenhe River Basin based on ecosystem services
Xue-yi SHI, Yang-jun FU
The optimization of the ecological security pattern is an important spatial way to ensure regional ecological security, maintain ecosystem stability and enhance ecosystem service. Taking the source area of Fenhe River Basin as an example, this paper quantitatively evaluated ecosystem services including water productionThe optimization of the ecological security pattern is an important spatial way to ensure regional ecological security, maintain ecosystem stability and enhance ecosystem service. Taking the source area of Fenhe River Basin as an example, this paper quantitatively evaluated ecosystem services including water production, habitat quality and soil conservation, and used hot spot analysis to identify important ecological sources. Considering the complex mechanism of rivers in ecosystems, this paper established two ecological security patterns, and on this basis, put forward a comprehensive ecological security pattern. The results showed that there were 19 ecological sources in the source area of Fenhe River Basin, accounting for 16.59% of the total study area. Three ecological security patterns established 33, 42 and 43 potential ecological corridors respectively. The network structure evaluation results showed that three patterns could generate a closed ecological network. The total length of the optimized ecological corridor is 565.957 km, and comprehensive ecological security pattern had higher network closure, node connection rate and network connectivity, and the cost was relatively low. In addition, 35 ecological breakpoints were identified, and key areas for ecological protection and restoration construction were determined. This pattern can provide spatial guidance for regional ecological protection and restoration planning..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 814 (2020)
Assessing the effects of the Green for Grain Program on ecosystem carbon storage service by linking the InVEST and FLUS models: A case study of Zichang county in hilly and gully region of Loess Plateau
Yuan-jie DENG, Shun-bo YAO, Meng-yang HOU, Tong-yue ZHANG, Ya-nan LU, Zhi-wen GONG, and Yi-fei WANG
Terrestrial carbon storage is an important indicator of ecosystem carbon storage services, and it has a close relationship with land use change. The Green for Grain Program (GFGP) has brought about great changes in the pattern of land use in the region and had a major impact on ecosystem carbon storage services. In ordTerrestrial carbon storage is an important indicator of ecosystem carbon storage services, and it has a close relationship with land use change. The Green for Grain Program (GFGP) has brought about great changes in the pattern of land use in the region and had a major impact on ecosystem carbon storage services. In order to simply and quickly assess the impact of GFGP on terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage services, this paper takes Zichang county, which is located in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau, as an example, and used InVEST model to assess the impact of GFGP on the carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, by coupling InVEST model and FLUS model, according to the set A, B, C, and D scenarios of GFGP, the change of terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage and the economic value of carbon sinks in Zichang county in 2037 were predicted. The study found that: (1) Remarkable effect of GFGP in Zichang county occurred. From 2000 to 2017, a total of 31627.98 hm2 of cultivated land was converted to woodland and grassland. The forest and grass coverage rates in the study area increased from 53.26% in 2000 to 64.20% in 2017. (2) The carbon storage service of the terrestrial ecosystem was significantly improved from 2000 to 2017. The terrestrial carbon storage increased from 39.19×106 t in 2000 to 42.34×106 t in 2017, and its growth was mainly found in the main stage of project implementation from 2000 to 2008. (3) In the future, it is assumed that the GFGP will continue to be implemented in the county, and its ecosystem carbon storage services will be further improved. In addition, certain carbon sink economic value will be obtained. Until 2037, it is expected that the terrestrial carbon reserves under the four scenarios of GFGP in the county will reach 43.78×106 t (GFGP scenario A), 44.10×106 t (GFGP scenario B), 44.32×106 t (GFGP scenario C) and 44.54×106 t (GFGP scenario D), respectively. Thus, the net income from the economic value of carbon sinks was US$ 1627.88 million, US$ 1979.89 million, US$ 2231.39 million and US$ 2471.67 million, respectively. The coupled InVEST-FLUS model can not only use the InVEST model to evaluate land carbon stocks simply and quickly, but also calculate the terrestrial carbon reserves and carbon sink economic value under future land use change scenarios based on the FLUS model..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 826 (2020)
Research on spatiotemporal characteristics of farmland ecosystem NPP in Jianghan Plain from 2000 to 2015
Duan HUANG, Hui-min YAN, Hong CHI, Xiao-meng GENG, and Qi-hui SHAO
NPP of cropland was estimated based on MODIS data and VPM model between 2000 and 2015 in the Jianghan Plain. The spatial autocorrelation and Sen trend methods were used to analyze the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of cropland NPP in the study area during the 16 years. The results show that: (1) The NPP of cropland was estimated based on MODIS data and VPM model between 2000 and 2015 in the Jianghan Plain. The spatial autocorrelation and Sen trend methods were used to analyze the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of cropland NPP in the study area during the 16 years. The results show that: (1) The average annual NPP of cropland in the plain increased from 2000 to 2005, decreased from 2005 to 2009, and increased from 2009 to 2015. The annual total of cropland NPP was stable from 2000 to 2015. (2) The proportions of high, medium and low yield fields were 66.03%, 27.04% and 6.93%, respectively. NPP had a strong spatial aggregation from 2000 to 2015, which showed an increasing trend year by year, and its aggregation decreased with the increase of spatial distance. The NPP is characterized by high-high aggregation and low-low aggregation in the Jianghan Plain. (3) No significant change was found in 69.5% of cropland NPP, with 1.30% of cropland NPP rising significantly and 29.20% of cropland NPP decreasing significantly in the Jianghan Plain..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 845 (2020)
Spatio-temporal distribution of the potential evapotranspiration and its controlling factors in the tableland protected region of the Loess Plateau
Cong-jian SUN, Zhen-jing ZHENG, Xin-gong LI, and Jiu-lin SUN
The tableland protected region, as a major region for agriculture and habitation, plays an important role in the Loess Plateau. The information of the regional potential evapotranspiration (ET0) and its distribution on the Loess Plateau are beneficial to the reorganization in regional water cycle, control on the soil eThe tableland protected region, as a major region for agriculture and habitation, plays an important role in the Loess Plateau. The information of the regional potential evapotranspiration (ET0) and its distribution on the Loess Plateau are beneficial to the reorganization in regional water cycle, control on the soil erosion and sustainable development of agriculture. Based on the meteorological data of the tableland protected regions of the Loess Plateau during 1960-2017, the spatial and temporal distribution of the ET0 and its controlling factors were analyzed by using the Penman-Monteith model, wavelet analysis, Mann-Kendall test and ArcGIS. The results are shown as follows: (1) The average ET0 of the study area is 1173.4 mm, which shows a significant increasing trend with a rate of 21.1 mm/10 a. The average ET0 in growing season is much higher than that in the non-growing season. (2) The spatial distribution of the multi-year annual average ET0 in the study area decreased from the east to the west, and the multi-year average ET0 in the western Gansu tableland is far lower than that in the eastern Shanxi tableland. (3) Over the past 58 years, the average ET0 of the whole study area, growth season and non-growth season showed a significant increasing trend, but the spatial variations are remarkable. There were 10-year, 30-year and 50-year oscillation periods in the variation of average ET0 in the study area, of which the 30-year oscillation is the main oscillation period during the past 58 years. (4) Air temperature is the most important meteorological factor controlling ET0 change in the region, but the influence of air temperature on ET0 change shows an obvious spatial difference. The lowest temperature has the most significant effect on the ET0 change of the whole study area. The changes of ET0 in the Gansu tableland and Shaanxi tableland are mainly affected by the change of average temperature. The change of maximum temperature in Shanxi tableland has significant influence on regional ET0. (5) The Pacific/North America index (PNA) and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) are associated with the regional ET0 change, while the ET0 change of the non-growing season is related to the change of the WPI..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 857 (2020)
Dynamic research on sustainable development of farmland-livestock production system based on emergy theory
Huang HUANG, Yu SHI, Shan-shan RAN, Hai-rong SU, and Jin-e LIU
To understand the agricultural production dynamics and sustainability in the hilly areas of southeast China, this paper took Dehua county, a typical mountainous area in Fujian province, as an example to quantitatively analyze the changes of input, output, environmental load and sustainability of farmland-livestock systTo understand the agricultural production dynamics and sustainability in the hilly areas of southeast China, this paper took Dehua county, a typical mountainous area in Fujian province, as an example to quantitatively analyze the changes of input, output, environmental load and sustainability of farmland-livestock systems from 2007 to 2016, and constructed the indicators of waste emergy ratio and environmental pollution emergy negative output. The results showed that the input of the farmland-livestock system in the study area was mainly based on the purchasing emergy, accounting for 68%-79% of the total emergy input, and the emergy of water resources accounted for 21%-31%. The emergy output of livestock systems accounted for more than 72% of the total output. And the emergy density fluctuated between 2.68×1012 and 3.33×1012 sej·m-2, and emergy per person increased from 1.23×1016 sej to 1.72×1016 sej. The net emergy yield ratio decreased by 40%, and the environmental load increased significantly, which could have been maintained since 2015. The emergy sustainability index fell rapidly from 1.14 to 0.42 after a brief rise in 2007-2010. From the indicators of construction, the proportion of system waste emergy decreased, and environmental pollution emergy output decreased by about 22%. In terms of comprehensive economic benefits and waste utilization, the sustainable development of Dehua county has gradually improved in recent years. Dehua county is currently adjusting its output structure of farmland-livestock system. It should increase the amount of feedback emergy in the system, control fertilizer and feed input, and improve waste utilization to achieve sustainable development..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 869 (2020)
The transformation of Zeche Zollverein in the Ruhr area: Experience of multi-agent governance
Chu-lin ZHANG, and Yun-gang LIU
Transformation of industrial districts has attracted much attention for long. The Ruhr area in Germany, which used to be a pillar of the industrial economy in the past and is a robust cultural and economic region now, is always a typical case. Based on field visits and semi-structured interviews, this paper takes ZecheTransformation of industrial districts has attracted much attention for long. The Ruhr area in Germany, which used to be a pillar of the industrial economy in the past and is a robust cultural and economic region now, is always a typical case. Based on field visits and semi-structured interviews, this paper takes Zeche Zollverein in Ruhr as an example, trying to find out how multiple agents take part in and cooperate with each other during its transformation and to summarize its mechanism of multi-agent governance. It is found that during the transformation in Zeche Zollverein, administrative, social and market powers actively participate and interact in the protection and development of industrial culture, financing and investment, renovation of buildings and environment, daily operation and management as well as social life and space activation. In the framework of multi-agent cooperation in Zeche Zollverein, different levels of governments combine top-down management and moderate decentralization, acting as a backbone; the public are important elements in the activation of social life while social organizations share public affairs with governments and citizens enjoy participating in public activities; market economies form a virtuous circle between their self-development and the regional transformation. From single subject controlling to multi-agent cooperation, the transformation of governance framework in Zeche Zollverein is a remarkable enlightenment for industrial districts in China. Under the realistic conditions of our country with Chinese characteristics, governments tend to be responsible for every stuff in cities and get overburdened. Learning from Zeche Zollverein, they can try to break away from the idea of "all-around arrangement", and to cooperate more with and release some functions to the society and the market, attracting them to locate in the district and develop themselves on their own initiatives, so as to promote regional transformation jointly..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 884 (2020)
Stocks and flows of steel in automobiles, vessels and household appliances in China
Lu-lu SONG, Wei-qiang CHEN, and Min DAI
Material flow analysis (MFA) characterizes and quantifies flows of materials into, out of, and through a socio-economic system of interest, balancing all flows by stocks. Stocks are the amount of concerned manufactured products and materials in active use. Flows refer to the inflow (demand) and outflow (scrap) of produMaterial flow analysis (MFA) characterizes and quantifies flows of materials into, out of, and through a socio-economic system of interest, balancing all flows by stocks. Stocks are the amount of concerned manufactured products and materials in active use. Flows refer to the inflow (demand) and outflow (scrap) of products or materials between different processes. Stocks are the driving force for the flows and circulation of substances in the socio-economic system. In this paper, we analyzed steel stocks and flows in automobiles, vessels, and household appliances in the past (1949-2018) and future (2019-2050) by using the dynamic stock-driven model. The results showed that: (1) Steel demand in three industries will be saturated or decreased after reaching its peak; (2) Steel scrap of the three industries will exceed demand after 2040, (3) There will be a large amount of steel scrap produced in automobiles (83 million tons/year), vessels (27 million tons/year), and household appliances (4 million tons/year) by 2050. The results of this paper are intended to provide policy implications for sustainable production and utilization of steel..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 895 (2020)
The evolution of land use structure in karst valley area based on micro-space unit
Shan-shan LI, Yang-bing LI, Meng-meng WANG, and Guang-jie LUO
This paper examines the evolution characteristics of the land use structure in karst valley areas on the basis of remote sensing images SPOT with a resolution of 2.5 m and their corresponding socio-economic data in the years of 2004, 2010 and 2015. This study is also conducted by creating a microspatial unit of 200 m&#This paper examines the evolution characteristics of the land use structure in karst valley areas on the basis of remote sensing images SPOT with a resolution of 2.5 m and their corresponding socio-economic data in the years of 2004, 2010 and 2015. This study is also conducted by creating a microspatial unit of 200 m×200 m grid to calculate the composite index of the area proportion and land use degree in the inner part of the cell grid, in combination of bivariate local space autocorrelation and hot spot analysis. It is concluded that: (1) The average proportions of forest land, cultivated land, settlements and bare rock in grids in 2004 were 6.46%, 11.76%, 0.87%, and 28.86%, respectively; in 2010, they were 10.36%, 8.77%, 1.27%, and 27.13%, respectively; in 2015, they were 9.13%, 10.30%, 26.18%, and 1.29%, respectively. (2) Various land use types have obvious spatial differences in terms of spatial distribution. (3) Cultivated land hot spot showed a decreasing trend, and later focused on the southwestern part of the study area, the total hot spot area of the forest increased, and the hot spot of bare rock gradually shrank to the northeast of the study area. In recent years, the hot spot area of land use gradually extended to the northwest of the study area, and the Zanthoxylum Bungeanum forest was mainly distributed in the northern dry-hot valley. In short, the area of forest land in the Huajiang valley area increased, and it gradually evolved into concentrated contiguous areas, while the bare rocky land gradually shrank to the north and northeast of the valley area. The diversified development of farmers' livelihoods and the improvement of traffic conditions in the study area reduced land pressure and gradually improved the ecological environment. This paper, taking typical karst geomorphic units as case study areas, reveals the law of land use evolution and its internal differences in karst mountainous areas of Southwest China, which is of great significance to the research on the characteristics and law of land use evolution on a larger scale..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 908 (2020)
Spatio-temporal change of land desertification sensitivity in Northern China from 2000 to 2018 based on MODIS-NDVI
Ling-ling XU, Hao YAN, and Shuan QIAN
Analysis of land desertification sensitivity is an important part of the wind break and sand-fixation ecological function assessment. The spatial distribution pattern and dynamic change of land desertification sensitivity in 14 provincial-level regions of Northern China from 2000 to 2018 were evaluated with the vegetatAnalysis of land desertification sensitivity is an important part of the wind break and sand-fixation ecological function assessment. The spatial distribution pattern and dynamic change of land desertification sensitivity in 14 provincial-level regions of Northern China from 2000 to 2018 were evaluated with the vegetation coverage, moisture index, days of strong wind, slope and sand content in surface soil as evaluation indexes. Five classes of land desertification sensitivity ranging from extreme to low were generated, namely extreme sensitivity zone and high sensitivity zone (high-sensitive desertification grade), moderate sensitivity zone (moderate-sensitive desertification grade), low sensitivity zone and non-sensitivity zone (low-sensitive desertification grade). Results showed that the land area of high-sensitive desertification grade decreased from 48.1% to 40.4% with a decline of 0.4% per year, and the land area of low-sensitive desertification grade increased from 30.3% in 2000 to 38.8% in 2018, showing the tendency of transition from high-sensitive desertification grade to middle and low-sensitive desertification grade in Northern China. The spatial distribution pattern of land desertification sensitivity in 2000, 2010 and 2018 showed that area of high-sensitive desertification grade was mainly distributed in the desert aggregation zone and its adjacent areas in the western and Northern China, with low vegetation coverage, and dry and windy climate; area of low-sensitive desertification grade was mainly distributed in Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains, Changbai Mountains and Qinling Mountains with high vegetation coverage and relatively humid climate; area of moderate-sensitive desertification grade was located in the buffer areas of the two. Compared with 2000, the sensitivity of land desertification in the desert aggregation zone in the western and Northern China remained stable, however, the land area of high-sensitive desertification grade in Mu Us sandy land, Horqin sandy land and Hunshandake sandy land, which were located in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and their surrounding area, decreased significantly in 2018. The remarkable increase of vegetation coverage caused by the temperature rising, precipitation increasing and a series of ecological protection engineering as well as the decrease of strong wind days were important factors for this change..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 925 (2020)
Study on the relationship between precipitation and urban atmospheric environment: Cases of 113 key environmental protection cities
Hai XUE, and Fan ZHANG
In order to study the relationship between precipitation and atmospheric pollutants, according to the air quality data of 113 key environmental protection cities in China in 2017, the spatial distribution law of urban clusters and the linear fitting equation between them are obtained. Based on the distribution characteIn order to study the relationship between precipitation and atmospheric pollutants, according to the air quality data of 113 key environmental protection cities in China in 2017, the spatial distribution law of urban clusters and the linear fitting equation between them are obtained. Based on the distribution characteristics of precipitation in the north and south and the urban air pollution index, the fuzzy clustering method was used to classify cities with different degrees of affinity. The Spearman correlation and fitting regression method were used to analyze the air pollution characteristic value and precipitation. The results show that when the key environmental protection cities are clustered into five categories, the spatial distribution of "rings and loops" is presented. The innermost ring basically covers five provinces of Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi and Shaanxi. The rest of the city is distributed between the second and third rings, and the urban air quality gradually increases from the inside to the outside. As the number of clusters increases, the urban agglomeration pattern changes, and the spatial distribution develops into "distribution according to the basin", but the "circle" city does not change much. In this clustering situation, the impact of the amount of precipitation on the atmospheric quality environment of environmentally friendly cities can be clearly reflected. The precipitation is negatively correlated with the concentration of atmospheric pollutants, and the environment in these five provinces is seriously polluted. Using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test method, it is calculated that the overall distribution of NO2, O3 and PM2.5 conforms to the normal distribution, and that of SO2, PM10 and CO does not conform to the normal distribution, nor does it conform to the uniform and exponential distribution. The correlation coefficients of NO2, O3, PM2.5, SO2, PM10 and CO with precipitation are -0.316, -0.238, -0.332, -0.617, -0.574 and -0.695, respectively. O3 is in weak correlation; NO2 and PM2.5 are in moderate correlation; SO2, PM10 and CO are in strong correlation. The coefficient of linear regression equation is between -0.031 and -0.008, and the negative correlation between precipitation and atmospheric pollutant concentration is obvious. The research results will help to understand the impact of precipitation on urban atmospheric environment changes, and provide the necessary theoretical support for the sustainable development of urban construction..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 937 (2020)
Impact of policy cognition of new agricultural entities on their behavior changes in the Three Rights Separation reform:A case study of Shanghai Qingpu
Dong-xuan LI, and Ping-yang LIU
Three Rights Separation is a major institution innovation of China's rural land property rights system, targeted to promote the optimal allocation of resources through the refinement and clarification of property rights of agricultural land, encouraging property rights transfer and optimization, finally enhancing aThree Rights Separation is a major institution innovation of China's rural land property rights system, targeted to promote the optimal allocation of resources through the refinement and clarification of property rights of agricultural land, encouraging property rights transfer and optimization, finally enhancing agriculture development and transition. However, it remains untested whether the separation of three rights can improve farmers' long-term expectations of the safety and security of property rights, and subsequently change their behaviors. Based on the mechanism of "policy reform-policy cognition-behavior change" and a case study of Qingpu district, where the practice of land property rights transfers was started early, the policy cognition and behavior changes of the new agricultural entities was studied. Questionnaire investigation and semi-structured interviews were carried out for data collection and structural equation model was applied to study the influence of policy cognition on their behavior changes to enlarging scales, enhancing long-term investment and shifting to environmentally friendly agriculture. It is found out that the policy cognition is of positive impacts on their behavior changes and subsequently contributes to the transformation of agriculture; the better cognition also leads to greater behavior changes. Thus more attention should be paid to enhancing the supporting system of the Three Rights Separation Reform, strengthening policy transparency and interpretation to farmers, improving the human capital stock of agriculture, in order to provide strong endogenous power for the transformation and upgrading of agriculture..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 950 (2020)
Detection of the construction land change in fine spatial resolution remote sensing imagery coupling spatial autocorrelation
Tao ZHANG, Hong FANG, Yu-chun WEI, Qi HU, and Han-ze-yu XU
In the urbanization of China, construction land is generally distributed as a continuous area, and its change shows distinct spatial aggregation leading to the strong spatial autocorrelation, which is more obvious in remote sensing imagery with a fine spatial resolution. Based on the TripleSat-2 multi-spectral remote sIn the urbanization of China, construction land is generally distributed as a continuous area, and its change shows distinct spatial aggregation leading to the strong spatial autocorrelation, which is more obvious in remote sensing imagery with a fine spatial resolution. Based on the TripleSat-2 multi-spectral remote sensing images covering Nanjing city in 2016 and 2017, the paper compares and analyzes the performance of remote sensing change detection of construction land after we introduced the spatial autocorrelation index of the change vector as the image feature. Firstly, the three typical spatial autocorrelation indices of local G, Moran's I and Geary's C are extracted, and then the optimal spatial range of Lag and the optimal autocorrelation index suitable for the change detection are determined. The results showed that: (1) The spectral change vector had significant positive correlation. (2) The optimal range of Lag can be determined by global Moran's I and semi-variance. (3) We used the local G and local Moran's I with the spectral change vectors to increase the F1 score of the change detection, and the local G showed the better performance. (4) Using the local G with the optimal range of Lag as additional image features, the F1 scores were 20% higher than that using only the spectral change vectors. Fusing local spatial autocorrelation information especially of the multi-scale local G as the additional image features can effectively improve the change detection accuracy of construction land in remfote sensing imagery..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 963 (2020)
Agricultural drought and its association with meteorological drought: A case study of the Huaihe River Basin above the Bengbu Sluice, China
Gang LUO, Tian RUAN, Cai CHEN, Chao GAO, Peng LI, Song-gen MA, He-li LI, and Huan WANG
Based on the meteorological data of 60 stations above the Bengbu Sluice of Huaihe River from 1961 to 2015, crop water deficit index (CWDI) and relative moisture index (M) were calculated. By taking winter wheat drought as the representative of agricultural drought, the temporal and spatial characteristics of winter wheBased on the meteorological data of 60 stations above the Bengbu Sluice of Huaihe River from 1961 to 2015, crop water deficit index (CWDI) and relative moisture index (M) were calculated. By taking winter wheat drought as the representative of agricultural drought, the temporal and spatial characteristics of winter wheat drought and meteorological drought during the growth period were analyzed. The duration, severity and frequency of 30 major drought events were identified through the run theory, and the correlation between agricultural drought and meteorological drought was studied. The results showed that: (1) In terms of time, the proportion of agricultural drought in winter wheat growth period was higher than that of meteorological drought, and the years with the largest interannual difference occurred in the pre-winter growth period; (2) In terms of space, the winter wheat drought and meteorological drought in the whole growth period and each growth period were distributed by zonal mode structure, and the drought gradually increases from south to north. More than 75% of the drought of winter wheat occurs from over-wintering period to filling and mature period, while meteorological drought only occurred during over-wintering period; (3) Winter wheat drought was delayed compared with meteorological drought, and its intensity was greater than that of meteorological drought. The average duration was 18.8 dekad and 17.3 dekad, respectively, and the average severity was 12.2 and 9.9, respectively; (4) When the duration of meteorological drought reached 1.28 dekad or the drought severity reached 3.35, the drought of winter wheat will be triggered, and the frequency of the duration and severity return period of winter wheat drought was greater than that of meteorological drought. Agricultural drought has a longer duration, greater frequency and greater severity than meteorological drought and meteorological drought aggravates agricultural drought..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 977 (2020)
Research on tourism resources in the new era: Protection, utilization and innovative development: Comments of young tourism geographers
He ZHU, Cheng-cai TANG, Lei WANG, Lei ZHAO, Jiang-zhi LONG, Yao-qi LI, You-yin ZHANG, Zhen-shan YANG, Peng-yang ZHANG, Meng-yu GAN, Jia CHEN, Tao LI, Ye-hong SUN, En-xu WANG, Ya-juan LI, and Fei LONG
Nowadays, China has fully come into the massive tourism era. Tourism continuously occupies one most quickly growing industry in the macro-economy and becomes a strategic pillar industry in regional economic development. Since China is rich in tourism resources, which are the foundation of conventional tourism developmeNowadays, China has fully come into the massive tourism era. Tourism continuously occupies one most quickly growing industry in the macro-economy and becomes a strategic pillar industry in regional economic development. Since China is rich in tourism resources, which are the foundation of conventional tourism development, it is crucial to deal with the relationship between property protection and utilization of tourism resources, meanwhile, achieving innovative development. In this issue, 16 young tourism geographers discuss tourism resources protection and utilization in the new era. They clarify a set of key points about tourism resources research, including new knowledge of value, new ways to protect and use, and new discussions for special resources. The main points state as follows. (1) Massive tourism mode changing bring the industry innovation, as well as resources' meaning expansion. In the new era, by embracing a perspective of construction, generalization, and a combination of tourism resources, we need to rethink how to define, classify and evaluate these resources. In the future, resources will still be the basis of tourism development, which should capture more reasonable recognition of their new characteristics and values. (2) Under the constraints of ecological reserves, controls in exploitation of traditional resources will be more severe. From the supply-side, considering the transformation from resources to products, we should take more measures such as complying with the market rules, meeting tourists' new needs, excavating cultural senses, creating new developing paths amid new technologies support, and forming popular products. These measures will be beneficial to stimulate the marketing values, upgrade the regional industry, and realize to coordinate resources, capital, and assets in a sustainable way. (3) From the demand-side, we should be aware of the common changes of tourists, lead to new behavioral norms in civilized tourism, and guide the tourists to protect resources spontaneously, which will rewardingly balance environmental protection and industrial development. (4) Abundant resources require diverse approaches to protect and rationally use. In light of rural tourism resources, we should assess their new value, follow the strategy of rural vitalization, suit measures to local conditions, pay main concerns on tourism agglomerations, consider local communities' interests, and innovatively promote sustainable development. Based primarily on sustainability, agricultural heritages re-use needs to be concerned about novel multi-participation machinery dynamically. For human tourism resources, it is necessary to maintain authenticity with traditional culture integration, and coordinate cultural inheritance and tourism growth. Mentioned with ethnic tourism resources in mountainous region, we suggest paying attention to the uniqueness of regional system, taking account of the contemporary value and human-land relationship, and then adopting appropriate measures. Besides, owing to homestay's role in activating rural stacks, it is recommended to enhance ecological protection, and boost the homestay cluster..
Journal of Natural Resources
- Publication Date: Apr. 28, 2020
- Vol. 35, Issue 4, 992 (2020)
