Researching | WLXB Volume 69 Issue 5,2020

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2020

Volume: 69 Issue 5

30 Article(s)

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Research progress in non-classical microwave states preparation based on cavity optomechanical system

Jun-Wen Luo, De-Wei Wu, Qiang Miao, and Tian-Li Wei

As a novel hybrid quantum system, cavity optomechanical system shows super strong coupling strength, extremely low noise level and considerable coherent time under superconducting condition. In this paper, we briefly introduce basic principles of cavity optomechanics and cavity optomechanical systems. Meanwhile, we als

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 054203-1 (2020)

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Application of electrical action to design and analysis of magnetically driven solid liner implosion

Zheng-Wei Zhang, Gui-Lin Wang, Shao-Long Zhang, Qi-Zhi Sun, Wei Liu, Xiao-Ming Zhao, Yue-Song Jia, and Wei-Ping Xie

As a typical cylindrical-convergent drive technique, magnetically driven solid liner implosion could compress interior substance with a shock or quasi-isentropic manner, which has been widely used to investigate the hydrodynamic behavior, the dynamic characteristics of material and fusion energy and so on. For aspecifi As a typical cylindrical-convergent drive technique, magnetically driven solid liner implosion could compress interior substance with a shock or quasi-isentropic manner, which has been widely used to investigate the hydrodynamic behavior, the dynamic characteristics of material and fusion energy and so on. For aspecific facility, the implosion parameters depend on material, radius and thickness of the liner, and the ablation of liner restrict the optional parameters. The concept of electrical action is introduced via thin shell model, which not only is the representation of states for conductive metal, but also indicates the change of liner velocity under the condition of thin shell hypothesis. The result shows that the outer velocity of liner increases linearly with electrical action and is directly proportional to liner thickness but inversely proportional to liner density. The incompressible zero-dimensional model is used to calculate the dynamic parameters of thin shell liner, including the implosion time, the outer interface velocity, the implosion kinetic energy, and the electrical action under the condition of low linear current density. There exist optimal radius and thickness which can achieve the maximum velocity, momentum, and kinetic energy. The aluminum is suitable for reaching higher velocity and the copper can obtain higher pressure according to a proportionality coefficient Q_b/ρ which is an intrinsic quality of metal. A one-dimensional (1D) elastic plastic magnetic hydrodynamic code which is called SOL1D is developed to simulate liner implosion behavior. The modified relationship between resistivity and electrical action is introduced to SOL1D, which can adapt higher hydrodynamic pressure. According to current waves, the 1D code can be used to simulate liner implosion behavior for all kinds of current densities. The 1D simulation liner velocity is in agreement with both the experimental results and the electrical action model for liner implosion experiment on FP-1 facility. The simulation of isentropic compression experiment at ZR facility shows that the magnetic diffusion process is suppressed at extra high current density and hydrodynamic pressure, and the electrical action is larger than the experimental value of wire electrical explosion. The zero-dimensional (0D) and 1D simulation show that estimating the liner velocity and liner phase changing via the electrical action are suitable when thin shell hypothesis and low current density assumption are satisfied..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 050701-1 (2020)

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Investigation of interaction between α-Fe metal and H atom by ab-initio method

Ying-Jin Cheng, Chao-Fei Yang, Gang Xue, Tao Wang, Lei Zhang, and Mei-E Li

Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is a key problem restricting the application of ultra-high strength steel. It is necessary to analyze the distribution of diffusible hydrogen to reveal the mechanism of HIC. The site occupation tendency of H in interstitial and vacancy positions are investigated by the ab-initio method,

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 053101-1 (2020)

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Theoretical calculations on photoelectron angular distribution of sequential two-photon double ionization for Ar atom

Kun Ma, Lu-You Xie, and Chen-Zhong Dong

With the development of the intense light source, such as free electron lasers, the experiments on the nonlinear process in atomic photo absorption in the XUV and X-ray region became more and more feasible. As one of the simplest possible nonlinear processes, the sequential two-photon double ionization, in which the fi With the development of the intense light source, such as free electron lasers, the experiments on the nonlinear process in atomic photo absorption in the XUV and X-ray region became more and more feasible. As one of the simplest possible nonlinear processes, the sequential two-photon double ionization, in which the first photon produces an ion which is subsequently ionized by the second photon, attracts increasing attention of theorists and experimentalists. Study on the angular distributions and angular correlations of the photoelectrons in the sequential two-photon double ionization process are especially attractive, which provides valuable information about the electronic structure of atom or molecule systems and allows the obtaining of additional information about mechanism and pathway of the two-photon double ionization. In this paper, the expression for the photoelectron angular distribution in a sequential two-photon process is given based on the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method and the density matrix theory. And then, the relativistic calculation program for photoelectron angular distribution is further developed with the help of the program packages GRASP2K and RATIP which are based on the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method. By using this code, the sequential two-photon double ionization of the 3p shell in atomic argon is studied theoretically. The cross section, magnetic cross section, alignment of residual ions and the asymmetry parameter of the photoelectron angular distribution, each as a function of photon energy, for the first and the second step of sequential two-photon double ionization of argon are presented. The calculations predict that the alignment has a maximum value and the asymmetry parameter has a minimum value in the region of the cooper minimum. The angular distribution of the first step ionization for Ar atom and the second step ionization for Ar⁺ ion are given at 33.94 eV and 55.34 eV photon energy, respectively. In addition, the difference in property between the angular distributions of the first photoelectron in sequential two-photon double ionization and in conventional one-photon single ionization is discussed. The present calculated results are compared with other available results, showing that they are in good agreement with each other. The results of this paper will be helpful in studying nonlinear processes in the XUV range..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 053201-1 (2020)

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Theoretical study on thermodynamic properties of NO gas

Jun Jian, Jiao Lei, Qun-Chao Fan, Zhi-Xiang Fan, Jie Ma, Jia Fu, Hui-Dong Li, and Yong-Gen Xu

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of atmospheric molecules of interest and has attracted considerable attention due to its important role in the chemical process taking place in a flow field of hypersonic vehicle, in which the thermodynamic properties are required in the calculation of the aerothermodynamic flow field. Moreover Nitric oxide (NO) is one of atmospheric molecules of interest and has attracted considerable attention due to its important role in the chemical process taking place in a flow field of hypersonic vehicle, in which the thermodynamic properties are required in the calculation of the aerothermodynamic flow field. Moreover, the total internal partition function is the key to calculating the thermodynamic properties of high-temperature gases. For diatomic molecules, according to the product approximation, the total internal partition function is split into three parts: electronic, vibration and rotation partition function. In this paper, by using the quantum statistical ensemble theory based on some classical thermodynamic and statistical formulae, the thermodynamic properties of NO are analyzed and discussed.Firstly, in order to obtain an accurate energy of molecule, the variational algebraic method (VAM) is employed to calculate the full vibrational energy, the resultis in good agreement with the experimental result and thus yielding the realistic predictions of the unobserved higher vibrational energy that converges to the dissociation limit. Secondly, an attempt is to use the full VAM vibrational energy, the Rydberg-Klein-Rees (RKR) vibrational energy, the simple Harmonic oscillator (SHO) model and the quantum-mechanical vibrational energy obtained by the multiconfiguration self-consistent-field (MCSCF) to calculate the vibrational partition function. Then, with the rotational contributions from the Müller-McDowell formula, the internal partition function can be determined by combining the product of electronic, vibration and rotation partition functions. Thirdly, according to the thermodynamic and statistical formulae, it is easy to calculate the internal energy, entropy and heat capacity for the NO molecule in a range of 1000－5000 K. Comparison of different calculated heat capacities with the experimental ones reveals the heat capacity, of which vibrational contributions determined by the full VAM vibrational energy accord better with the experimental ones, with the maximum relative error being no more than 2.4%, whereas it can be seen that those thermodynamic results evaluated from the SHO model attest to a failure for the summation of infinite vibrational energy. The thermodynamic results of NO may have proper applications in areas that can be of great importance in theoretical and (or) experimental aspects..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 053301-1 (2020)

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Tight focus and field enhancement of terahertz waves using a probe based on spoof surface plasmons

Xiao-Lei Wang, Jie-Hui Zhao, Miao Li, Guang-Ke Jiang, Xiao-Xue Hu, Nan Zhang, Hong-Chen Zhai, and Wei-Wei Liu

In order to improve the resolution of terahertz near-field microscopic imaging technology, an ultra-thin thickness-graded silver-plated strip probe with the same duty cycle is designed to realize the excitation of spoof surface plasmons. By comparing with two other probes with different structures, it can be found that

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 054201-1 (2020)

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Theoretical analysis of wide-angle metamaterial absorbers based on equivalent medium theory

Yu-Ming Wu, Xiao Ding, Ren Wang, and Bing-Zhong Wang

In the past decade, most of researchers have been devoted to broadening the bandwidth of absorber. There are few researches on how to achieve wide-angle absorbing materials by detailed theoretical analysis and design guidance. It is still difficult to design wide-angle absorbers. In this paper, based on the equivalent In the past decade, most of researchers have been devoted to broadening the bandwidth of absorber. There are few researches on how to achieve wide-angle absorbing materials by detailed theoretical analysis and design guidance. It is still difficult to design wide-angle absorbers. In this paper, based on the equivalent medium theory, the reflectivity of the metamaterial absorber with a single-layered medium backed with metal reflector is analyzed in detail. Starting from the basic electromagnetic theory, the reflection coefficient of the absorber under transverse electric(TE) plane wave and transverse magnetic (TM) plan wave irradiation are derived. And the equivalent electromagnetic parameters of realizing the wide-angle absorbing effect are analyzed, which provide a theoretical basis for designing the wide-angle metamaterial absorber. The theoretical analysis results show that the equivalent electromagnetic parameters required for the medium to achieve low-profile and wide-angle absorbing effect are mainly related to the equivalent permeability and have little relationship with the equivalent permittivity. Moreover, the equivalent electromagnetic parameter value for achieving ultra-wide-angle absorber under TE wave and that under TM wave irradiation are different from each other. In other words, the anisotropic metamaterial with appropriate equivalent permeability has the potential to be used to design the ultra-wide-angle absorbers which are not sensitive to TE waves nor TM waves. In addition, in order to find the theoretically achievable widest absorbing angle value under TE wave and TM wave irradiation, the reflection coefficients at all angles must be less than or equal to –10 dB to obtain the relationship among the equivalent electromagnetic parameters, thickness and angle. The results show that the theoretically achievable widest absorbing angle value is 86.56° under TE wave and TM wave irradiation. The designer can choose the corresponding thickness and permeability from the data obtained from the analysis according to the design requirements. The narrow-band absorbers have limited applications. Therefore, in this paper we also theoretically analyze the values of the equivalent electromagnetic parameters for ahcieving wide-band and wide-angle absorbing materials, and make theoretical verification. The results show that the wide-band and wide-angle absorber can be achieved theoretically, while the equivalent electromagnetic parameters of the medium vary with frequency as some special curves indicate. Although this method is based on the equivalent medium theory and has no direct relationship with the actual structure, it does provide theoretical guidance for designing the wide-angle absorbers..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 054202-1 (2020)

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Design of gain region of high-power vertical external cavity surface emitting semiconductor laser and its fabrication

Ji-Ye Zhang, Jian-Wei Zhang, Yu-Gang Zeng, Jun Zhang, Yong-Qiang Ning, Xing Zhang, Li Qin, Yun Liu, and Li-Jun Wang

The vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) is one of the hottest research fields of semiconductor lasers, due to its high power and good beam quality. However, there are few reports about how to systematically design the active region of VECSEL. In this paper, the gain design of quantum wells, which a The vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) is one of the hottest research fields of semiconductor lasers, due to its high power and good beam quality. However, there are few reports about how to systematically design the active region of VECSEL. In this paper, the gain design of quantum wells, which are the most important region within the VECSEL, is carried out.To achieve low power consumption under high temperature condition, epitaxial structure of the VECSEL is optimized by using the commercial software PICS3D. Firstly, the relationship between the structure of quantum well and the gain is simulated by the k·p method. Then, the gain spectra of quantum wells at different carrier densities and temperatures are compared with each other, and the optimal composition and thickness of quantum well are thus determined. The temperature drift coefficient is 0.36 nm/K, obtained by simulating the drift of the gain peak wavelength at the working temperature. Finally, the gain spectra of quantum wells with five different barriers are compared with each other. The slight blue shift of the gain peak in the quantum well with five different barriers accommodates the different emission thermal drifts of the quantum well at high temperature operation. With the GaAsP barriers on both sides of quantum well the gain characteristics of quantum wells can be improved efficiently. The designed structure is deposited by the MOCVD system. According to the reflection spectrum of the gain chip, measured by ellipsometer, the stop-band over 100 nm is centered at the about 970 nm wavelength, confirming accurate growth of the VECSEL. The 808 nm pump laser is focused on the surface of VECSEL chip at an incident angle from 30° to 50°. The VECSEL light-light characteristics are tested under the output coupling mirror with different reflectivity. The output power of VECSEL with a 97.7% reflectance output coupling mirror reaches 9.82 W at the pumping power of 35 W, without saturating the power curve. By using the external mirrors with different reflectivity, there appears the wavelength shift with the pumping power changing from 0.216 nm/W to 0.16 nm/W. Thus, the internal heating effects are different for VECSEL with different mirrors. The divergence angles at two orthogonal directions are 9.2° and 9.0°, respectively. And the circle profile of optical field shows good symmetry..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 054204-1 (2020)

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First-principles study of Cu:Fe:Mg:LiNbO₃ crystals

Ya Luo, Yun Zhang, Jin-Ling Liang, and Lin-Feng Liu

In this paper the electronic structures and optical properties of Cu:Fe:Mg:LiNbO3 crystals and their comparative groups are investigated by first-principles based on the density functional theory to explore the characteristics of charge transfer in crystals and analyse the parameters of the two-colour holographic stora

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 054205-1 (2020)

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Design of polarization-insensitive 1 × 2 multimode interference demultiplexer based on Si₃N₄/SiN_x/Si₃N₄ sandwiched structure

Jing-Li Wang, Zi-Yu Chen, and He-Ming Chen

An ultra-compact 1 × 2 demultiplexer based on multimode interference (MMI) waveguide is proposed to separate the 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths, in which Si3N4/SiNx/Si3N4 sandwiched structure is used to realize polarization insensitivity. Firstly, how to use Si3N4/SiNx/Si3N4 sandwich structure to achieve polariza An ultra-compact 1 × 2 demultiplexer based on multimode interference (MMI) waveguide is proposed to separate the 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths, in which Si₃N₄/SiN_x/Si₃N₄ sandwiched structure is used to realize polarization insensitivity. Firstly, how to use Si₃N₄/SiN_x/Si₃N₄ sandwich structure to achieve polarization-independent is discussed. Keeping the width of MMI waveguide W_MMI unchanged, the beat lengths of two orthogonal polarization states at same wavelength versus refractive indexes of SiN_x are calculated. Similar simulation curves with different W_MMI values and wavelengths are also provided. The result shows that there are crossing points in the beat length curves. It means that the beat lengths for the two orthogonal polarization states at the same wavelength can be identical by choosing the proper refractive index of the SiN_x. More importantly, under exactly the same premise, for the two wavelengths, their crossing points are almost identical. Then, how to realize the function of wavelength separation is studied. A variable called the beat length ratio is given, which is defined as the beat length ratio of two working wavelengths under the same polarization state. When the beat length ratio equals an even number divided by an odd number, one wavelength is even multiple of beat length and the other wavelength is odd multiple of beat length, and vice versa, that is to say, a single image and a mirror image for the two working wavelengths are formed respectively. Therefore, the two working wavelengths will output from different output ports, therefore the two wavelengths are successfully separated from each other. The demultiplexer based on Si₃N₄/SiO₂ platform has a compact structure, easy integration and good tolerance. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method is used for simulation, and the results show that the size of the MMI waveguide is 4.6 μm × 227.7 μm; the insertion loss and crosstalk are as low as 0.18 dB and –25.7 dB respectively; a broad 3-dB bandwidth of 60 nm is achieved. Moreover, the fabrication deviation of the key structural parameters about the device is discussed in detail, and the insertion loss and crosstalk are considered. To demonstrate the transmission characteristics of the demultiplexer, the evolution of the excited fundamental mode in the demultiplexer is also given. The novel demultiplexer is polarization independent and can work at wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm simultaneously. It has potential application value in future integrated optical circuits..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 054206-1 (2020)

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Orbital angular momentum mode of cylindrical spiral wave-guide

Chao-Ying Zhao, Yu-Ting Fan, Yi-Chao Meng, Qi-Zhi Guo, and Wei-Han Tan

The common feature of traditional methods of preparing orbital angular momentum (OAM) light beams propagating along the z axis is that the wave-front phase is changed and the chief ray of beam is basically unchanged. But it is difficult to obtain a high $m\hbar $ OAM. To solve the above problem, we establish a theoreti The common feature of traditional methods of preparing orbital angular momentum (OAM) light beams propagating along the z axis is that the wave-front phase is changed and the chief ray of beam is basically unchanged. But it is difficult to obtain a high

$m\hbar $

OAM. To solve the above problem, we establish a theoretical framework based on the change of the chief ray of beam instead of the change of wave-front phase. The differential geometry theory is used to verify the theoretical assumption that the light transmitted by the cylindrical spiral wave-guide can carry high

$m\hbar $

OAM. To measure the OAM optical fiber output, we use the diffraction method to detect the phase of vortex, that is, we can use a microscope to observe the phase distribution of optical fiber end face. We consider the output of linearly polarized light along the tangent direction of the fiber to observe its diffraction pattern. The transmission of optical fiber around the cylinder is the main light. The diameter of optical fiber is constant, and the light wave transmitting into the optical fiber is Bessel beam. For the linear fiber output, we need to consider only the linear fiber Bessel beam. The output cross section of the wave surface in the fiber is approximately that of plane wave. When

$\theta > {\theta _0}$

, we use the flow coordinates

$(\alpha,\beta, \gamma)$

to calculate the diffraction pattern of the cross section of the optical fiber when light travels in the optical fiber around the cylinder, which shows the characteristics of vortex. The optical field distribution carries a high-order OAM mode. When

$\theta = {\theta _0}$

, cylindrical orbital optical fibers transit to linear orbital optical fibers. We calculate the diffraction pattern of the cross section of the optical fibers propagating in a straight line. It is an Airy spot, namely a circular aperture diffraction spot. The optical field distribution has no higher-order OAM mode. When the order of the output beam is small, the output shows certain uniformity and symmetry, when the order of the output beam increases gradually, the output beam shows some inhomogeneity and asymmetry..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 054207-1 (2020)

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Effects of salt concentrations and pore surface structure on the water flow through rock nanopores

Yu-Ming Yin, and Ling-Ling Zhao

The surface dissolution of rock nanopores, caused by the acidic environment, increases the salt concentration of water solution flowing in the nanopores, thereby destroying the surface structure of the rock, which can be found in CO2 geological sequestration and crude oil and shale gas exploration. In this paper, the m The surface dissolution of rock nanopores, caused by the acidic environment, increases the salt concentration of water solution flowing in the nanopores, thereby destroying the surface structure of the rock, which can be found in CO₂ geological sequestration and crude oil and shale gas exploration. In this paper, the molecular dynamics method is adopted to study the flow characteristics of water solution in the forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄) slit nanopores, by which the effects of salt concentration and structure destruction of pore surface on the velocity profiles of water solution confined in nanopores are systematically analyzed. The hydrogen bond density, radial distribution function (RDF) and water density distribution are calculated to explain the changes in viscosity, velocity profiles and interaction between water and nanopore surface. The results show that as the salt concentration increases, the water solution flow in the rock nanopore obeys the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, and the velocity profiles of water solution remain parabolic shape. However, the hydrogen bond network among water molecules becomes denser with salt concentration increasing, which can account for the linear increase in the viscosity of water solution. Besides, the higher salt concentration gives rise to the larger water flow resistance from the pore surface. As a result, with the salt concentration increasing, the maximum of water velocity decreases and the curvature radius of the parabolic velocity profile curve becomes bigger. Moreover, the surface structure destruction in rock nanopores changes the roughness of surface in the flow channel, which enhances the attraction of nanopore surface to H₂O. As the structure destruction of nanopore surface deteriorates, the water density near the rough surface moves upward, whereas the velocity of water near the rough surface declines obviously. Interestingly, when the degree of surface structure destruction reaches 50%, a significant negative boundary slipping near the rough surface appears..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 054701-1 (2020)

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Experimental investigation of lower hybrid current drive induced plasma rotation on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak

Jin Yang, Jun Chen, Fu-Di Wang, Ying-Ying Li, Bo Lyu, Dong Xiang, Xiang-Hui Yin, Hong-Ming Zhang, Jia Fu, Hai-Qing Liu, Qing Zang, Yu-Qi Chu, Jian-Wen Liu, Xun-Yu Wang, Bin Bin, Liang He, Shun-Kuan Wan, Xue-Yu Gong, and Min-You Ye

Rotation and its shear can reduce the magnetohydrodynamic instabilities and enhance the confinement. The LHCD has been proposed as a possible means of rotation driving on a future fusion reactor. Exploring the mechanisms of LHCD rotation driving on the current tokamaks can provide important reference for future reactor

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 055201-1 (2020)

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Comparison of neutron induced single event upsets in 14 nm FinFET and 65 nm planar static random access memory devices

Zhan-Gang Zhang, Zhi-Feng Lei, Teng Tong, Xiao-Hui Li, Song-Lin Wang, Tian-Jiao Liang, Kai Xi, Chao Peng, Yu-Juan He, Yun Huang, and Yun-Fei En

Based on the wide-spectrum neutron beam (covering thermal neutrons and E > 10 MeV neutrons, with maximum energy of 1.6 GeV) provided by the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), this paper focuses on the single event effect study of 14 nm FinFET large-capacity SRAM and 65 nm planar process SRAM device, using combi Based on the wide-spectrum neutron beam (covering thermal neutrons and E > 10 MeV neutrons, with maximum energy of 1.6 GeV) provided by the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), this paper focuses on the single event effect study of 14 nm FinFET large-capacity SRAM and 65 nm planar process SRAM device, using combined techniques of irradiation experiment, reverse analysis, and Monte-Carlo neutron transport simulation. The aim is to reveal the effect of integrated circuit process changing on the sensitivity of neutron induced single-bit and multiple-bit upsets (MBU), and to analyze the inner mechanisms, including the distribution of secondary particles in the sensitive volume, the characteristics of deposited charges, etc. The results show that compared with the 65 nm device, single event upset (SEU) cross section of the 14 nm FinFET device, induced by E > 10 MeV neutrons, is reduced by about 40 times, while the MBU ratio increases from 2.2% to 7.6%, which is due to the reduction of sensitive volume size of the 14 nm FinFET device (80 nm × 30 nm × 45 nm), pitch, and critical charge (0.05 fC). The main forms of MBU are double-bit upset, triple-bit upset and quadruple-bit upset. Unlike the phenomenon that the 65 nm device is immune to thermal neutrons, the use of the ¹⁰B element near M0 in the 14 nm FinFET device causes it to present the thermal neutron sensitivity to a certain extent. The SEU cross section induced by thermal neutrons is about 4.8 times smaller than that induced by E > 10 MeV neutrons. Based on the device cross-section and memory area images obtained from the reverse analysis, a device model is established and neutron transport simulation based on Geant4 toolkit is carried out. The E > 10 MeV neutrons result in abundant secondary particle distribution in the sensitive volume of the device, covering n, p into even W. The neutron energy and presence or absence of the W plug near the sensitive volume have an importantinfluence on the type and probability of secondary particles in the sensitive volume. The analysis and calculations show that a large number of high- Z secondary particles with long range and large LET values generated by high-energy neutrons in the sensitive volume of the device are the inducement of MBU, and SEUs mainly result from the contribution of light ions such as p, He, and Si. .

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 056101-1 (2020)

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Theoretical studies on bidirectional interfacial shear stress transfer of graphene/flexible substrate composite structure

Jia-Hao Bai, and Jian-Gang Guo

Interfacial mechanical properties have a great influence on the overall mechanical performance of graphene/flexible substrate composite structure. Therefore, it is necessary to study interfacial shear stress transfer between graphene and flexible substrate. In this paper, a two-dimensional nonlinear shear-lag model (2D Interfacial mechanical properties have a great influence on the overall mechanical performance of graphene/flexible substrate composite structure. Therefore, it is necessary to study interfacial shear stress transfer between graphene and flexible substrate. In this paper, a two-dimensional nonlinear shear-lag model (2D model) is presented. Taking the effects of Poisson’s ratio of the graphene and substrate into consideration, the bidirectional interfacial shear stress transfer between graphene and flexible substrate subjected to uniaxial tension is investigated by the 2D model when the Poisson’s ratio of substrate is larger than that of graphene. In the elastic bonding stage, the semi-analytical solutions of the bidirectional normal strains of the graphene and bidirectional interfacial shear stresses are derived, respectively, and their distributions at different positions are illustrated. The critical strain for interfacial sliding is derived by the 2D model, and the results show that the critical strain has a micron-scaled characteristic width. The width size of graphene has a significant influence on the critical strain when it is less than the characteristic width, but the size effect can be ignored when the width of graphene is larger than the characteristic width. In addition, the Poisson’s ratio of substrate can also affect the critical strain. Based on the 2D model, the finite element simulations are made to investigate the distribution of graphene's normal strains and interfacial shear stresses in the interfacial sliding stage. Furthermore, compared with the results obtained via one-dimensional nonlinear shear-lag model (1D model), the distributions of graphene’s normal strains and interfacial shear stresses calculated by 2D model show obvious bidimensional effects both in the elastic bonding stage and in the interfacial sliding stage when the width of graphene is large. There exists a compression strain in the graphene and a transverse (perpendicular to the tensile direction) shear stress in the interface, which are neglected in the 1D model. And the distributions of graphene’s tensile strain and longitudinal (along the tensile direction) interfacial shear stress are not uniform along the width, which are also significantly different from the results of 1D model. Moreover, the critical strain for interfacial sliding derived by the 2D model is lower than that obtained by the 1D model. However, when the width of graphene is small enough, the 2D model can be approximately replaced by the 1D model. Finally, by fitting the Raman experimental results, the reliability of the 2D model is verified, and the interfacial stiffness (100 TPa/m) and shear strength (0.295 MPa) between graphene and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate are calculated..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 056201-1 (2020)

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Electronic structure and photocatalytic properties of H, F modified two-dimensional GeTe

Wen-Yu Fang, Peng-Cheng Zhang, Jun Zhao, and Wen-Bin Kang

Using the first principle calculation based on the density functional theory, we have systematically investigated the structure stability, electronic structure and photocatalytic properties of two-dimensional single-layered GeTe crystal structure modified by H and F. The results show that the lattice constant, bond ang Using the first principle calculation based on the density functional theory, we have systematically investigated the structure stability, electronic structure and photocatalytic properties of two-dimensional single-layered GeTe crystal structure modified by H and F. The results show that the lattice constant, bond angle and bond length of GeTe increase after being modified. The stability analysis shows that all the materials have excellent dynamical, mechanical, and thermal stabilities. The electronic structure analysis shows that the two-dimensional GeTe is an indirect bandgap semiconductor with an energy gap of 1.797 eV, and its energy band is mainly composed of Ge-4p and Te-5p, while it is converted into a direct bandgap semiconductor by H or F modification and H-F co-modification (F and Ge on one side, H and Te on the other), and their corresponding energy gaps are reduced to 1.847 eV (fH-GeTe), 0.113 eV (fF-GeTe) and 1.613 eV (hF-GeTe-hH). However, hH-GeTe-hF is still an indirect band gap semiconductor, and its energy gap is reduced to 0.706 eV. The results of the density of states show that part of the Ge-4p and Te-5p electrons are transferred to a deeper level due to the adsorption of H or F atoms, resulting in a strong orbital hybridization between them and the adsorbed atoms. The effective mass shows that the effective mass of H or F modified and H-F co-modified GeTe (F and Ge on one side, H and Te on the other) decrease, and their carrier mobilities increase. The carrier recombination rates of all modified GeTe materials are lower than that of the intrinsic GeTe, so the semiconductor will be more durable. The electron density difference shows that due to the electronegativities of atoms being different from each other, when H or F is used to modify GeTe, some electrons transfer to H and F atoms, resulting in the weakening of covalent bond between Ge and Te atoms and the enhancement of ion bond. The results of band-edge potential analysis show that GeTe can produce hydrogen and oxygen by photolysis of water. However, the valence band edge potential of the modified GeTe decreases significantly, and its oxidation ability increases considerably, the photocatalytic water can produce O₂, H₂, O₃, OH·, etc. Optical properties show that the modified GeTe can enhance the absorption of visible and ultraviolet spectrum, which indicates that they have great application prospects in the field of photocatalysis..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 056301-1 (2020)

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Thermal rectification mechanism of one-dimensional composite structure with interface thermal contact resistance

Jian-Ning Zhao, Dong-Huan Liu, Dong Wei, and Xin-Chun Shang

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 056501-1 (2020)

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A channel thermal noise model of nanoscaled metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor

Meng Zhang, Ruo-He Yao, and Yu-Rong Liu

With the development of the integrated circuit manufacturing process, the device dimensions have been on a nanoscale, while the device performance, such as the mobility and thermal noise, is significantly affected by the hot-carrier effect, which further affects the channel thermal noise of the device. However, the the With the development of the integrated circuit manufacturing process, the device dimensions have been on a nanoscale, while the device performance, such as the mobility and thermal noise, is significantly affected by the hot-carrier effect, which further affects the channel thermal noise of the device. However, the thermal noise model based on the existing electron temperature expression does not take into account the influence of the temperature gradient on the electron temperature when it deals with the influence of the hot carrier effect. As the size of the device decreases, the thermal noise model based on the existing electron temperature expression underestimates the influence of the hot carrier effect and the channel thermal noise cannot be accurately predicted with this expression.In this paper, the expression of the channel transverse electric field is derived based on the channel potential equation and the boundary condition of the channel electric field. By combining the distribution of the temperature gradient and the expression of the transverse electric field, the energy balance equation is solved with considering the influence of the temperature gradient, and then the electron temperature expression is obtained. The electron temperature expression shows the distribution of the electron temperature along the channel. By utilizing the derived electron temperature expression and combining with the drain current expression, a channel thermal noise model is established. The hot carrier effect is taken into account in the thermal noise model by utilizing the proposed electron temperature expression. Meanwhile in calculating the thermal noise, the influence of the electron temperature on mobility degradation and the temperature gradient on thermal noise are also involved.The results show that the temperature gradient has a significant influence on the electron temperature with the reduction of the device size, which further increases the influence of the hot carrier effect, resulting in the increase of the thermal noise caused by the hot carrier effect exceeding the decrease of the thermal noise caused by the mobility degradation, thus leading the thermal noise to increase. The influence of the hot carrier effect on the channel thermal noise also increases significantly with the bias increasing. The channel thermal noise model proposed in this paper can be applied to analyzing the noise performance and modeling the nano-sized MOSFET devices..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 057101-1 (2020)

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Microstructure and thermoelectric property of (Bi_1–xTb_x)₂(Te_0.9Se_0.1)₃ fabricated by high pressure sintering technique

Ping Zou, Dan Lü, and Gui-Ying Xu

Nanocrystalline bulk materials n-type (Bi1–xTbx)2(Te0.9Se0.1)3 (x = 0, 0.002, 0.004, 0.008) are fabricated by high pressure sintering (HPS) technique. The HPS samples are then annealed for 36 h in a vacuum at 633 K. The phase compositions and crystal structure of HPS sample are analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The micros

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 057201-1 (2020)

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Thermodynamic limit and optimal performance prediction of thermophotovoltaic energy conversion devices

Tian-Jun Liao, and Yi-Xiang Lü

The application of thermophotovoltaic energy conversion device to recovery and utilization of high-grade thermal energy are limited by its irreversible loss. In this work, we reveal the source of irreversible loss and provide a strategy for improving the performance of thermophotovoltaic energy conversion device. The m

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 057202-1 (2020)

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Magnetotransport properties and stress control of HgCdTe thin film

Song-Ran Zhang, Dai-Hua He, Hua-Yao Tu, yan Sun, Ting-Ting Kang, Ning Dai, Jun-Hao Chu, and Guo-Lin Yu

In recent years, the research on topological materials, including topological insulator and topological semimetal, has received a lot of attention in condensed matter physics. HgCdTe, widely used in infrared detection, also holds huge potential in this field. It has been reported that the strained thin Hg0.865Cd0.135Te

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 057301-1 (2020)

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Effect of ambient gas pressure on characteristics of air plasma induced by nanosecond laser

Jia-He Liu, Jia-Zhe Lu, Jun-Jie Lei, Xun Gao, and Jing-Quan Lin

The ambient gas pressure has an important influence on the laser induced plasma characteristics. The effects of gas pressure on the characteristics of air plasma induced by nanosecond laser are studied by using the optical emission spectroscopy, and the relationship between the gas pressure and the spectral intensity, The ambient gas pressure has an important influence on the laser induced plasma characteristics. The effects of gas pressure on the characteristics of air plasma induced by nanosecond laser are studied by using the optical emission spectroscopy, and the relationship between the gas pressure and the spectral intensity, and between electron temperature and electron density of air plasma are discussed. The air gas pressure in chamber is continuously changed in a range from 10 to 100 kPa by using a mechanical pump and measured by using a barometer. The ns laser energy in experiment is fixed at 100 mJ in the whole experiment. The digital delay trigger (Stanford DG535/645) is used to trigger the laser and ICCD synchronously, and the delay and gate time of ICCD are set to be 0 and 5 μs, respectively. The experimental results show that air plasma emission spectrum consists of the line and continuous spectrum, and the spectral intensity of air plasma emission spectrum is dependent on gas pressure in a range from 10 to 100 kPa, and the evolution of atomic spectrum intensity with gas pressure is different from that of ion spectrum intensity. The air density in the region of laser breakdown increases with air pressure increasing, which leads the breakdown probability of air gas to increase, thus resulting in the air plasma spectral intensity increasing. Under the confinement action of the ambient air gas in the expanding region of air plasma, the collision probability and energy exchange probability among particles in the air plasma are both increased, and the trisomic recombination probability of ion-electron-atom is also increased. As a result, the atomic spectral intensity of O Ι 777.2 nm and N Ι 821.6 nm both increase with the air gas pressure increasing, and the spectral intensity is highest at 80 kPa, and then slowly decreases. But the spectral intensity of N II 500.5 nm reaches its maximum value at 40 kPa, and decreases as the pressure becomes greater than 40 kPa. The electron density of the air plasma increases with the air pressure increasing, and the growth rate becomes slow after 80 kPa. The electron temperature of the air plasma reaches a maximum value at 30 kPa. The plasma electron temperature gradually decreases as the pressure becomes greater than 30 kPa. The research results can provide an important experimental basis for studying the laser-induced air plasma characteristics at different altitudes, and also give important technical support for laser atmospheric transmission and atmospheric composition analysis in the future..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 057401-1 (2020)

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Ferromagnetic resonance frequency and spin wave mode of asymmetric strip nanomagnet

Ya-Bo Chen, Xiao-Kuo Yang, Bo Wei, Tong Wu, Jia-Hao Liu, Ming-Liang Zhang, Huan-Qing Cui, Dan-Na Dong, and Li Cai

Recently, the operating frequency of nanomagnetic logic device has reached the spin wave frequency of nanomagnets. Therefore, the dynamic magnetic properties of nanomagnets, which are excited by microwave magnetic field, have been explored by many researchers. In this paper, the micro-magnetic model of asymmetric strip Recently, the operating frequency of nanomagnetic logic device has reached the spin wave frequency of nanomagnets. Therefore, the dynamic magnetic properties of nanomagnets, which are excited by microwave magnetic field, have been explored by many researchers. In this paper, the micro-magnetic model of asymmetric strip nanomagnets under microwave excitation is established. By using the anisotropic stress field (along the x-axis direction) that is generated by a constant voltage and the SINC function microwave magnetic field (along the y-axis direction) to excite the nanomagnets at the same time, the effects of tilt angle and defect angle on the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectrum and spin wave mode of the asymmetric strip nanomagnets are studied. Spectral analysis is performed on the micromagnetic simulation data. Simulation results show that as the tilt angle of the asymmetric strip nanomagnet increases, the ferromagnetic resonance frequency increases. What is more, this phenomenon is independent of the defect angle of the nanomagnet. When the tilt angle is constant, there exists a monotonically increasing relation between the ferromagnetic resonance frequency of the asymmetric strip nanomagnet and the defect angle. The spin wave modes of the nanomagnets differ a lot as defect angle changes. The asymmetric strip nanomagnet is compared with the rectangle nanomagnet, and the spin wave mode of the asymmetric strip nanomagnet is localized. Specifically, the spin wave mode of the asymmetric strip nanomagnets is asymmetric and the high precession region exists at the edge, which is termed asymmetric edge mode. The changes of the tilt angle lead to the changes in the demagnetizing field inside the nanomagnet, which gives rise to the movement of the edge mode. However, the center mode is not sensitive to the change of tilt angle. Finally, the magnetic loss of the model under the excitation of high frequency microwave magnetic field is analyzed and the reliability of the model is verified. These findings indicate that the defect angle and tilt angle can be used to tune the spin wave mode and the ferromagnetic resonance frequency of nanomagnets, and thus providing an important theoretical basis for designing the tunable microwave nanomagnetic devices..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 057501-1 (2020)

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A pulsed high magnetic field facility for electric polarization measurements

Wan-Xin Liu, Rui Chen, Yong-Jie Liu, Jun-Feng Wang, Xiao-Tao Han, and Ming Yang

Multiferroic materials, which exhibit the coexistence of ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, or ferroelastic orders, are of particular interest for not only fundamental physics but also potential applications. An important physical property of multiferroic materials, especially those with magnetically driven ferroelectricity Multiferroic materials, which exhibit the coexistence of ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, or ferroelastic orders, are of particular interest for not only fundamental physics but also potential applications. An important physical property of multiferroic materials, especially those with magnetically driven ferroelectricity, is known as a strong magnetoelectric coupling between the magnetic order and the ferroelectric order. The external magnetic fields can directly interact with spins or magnetic moments of the materials and lead the spontaneous ferroelectricity to be suppressed, and in some cases result in field-induced ferroelectricity in a higher field. Depending on the exchange interactions, these ferroelectric phase transitions may take place in a critical magnetic field as high as several tens of tesla. The standard electric-polarization measurement based on a commercial PPMS system is limited by the strength of the static field consequently. As an extremely experimental condition, pulsed magnetic fields can be used to reveal new physical phenomena in multiferroic materials. Due to the short pulse duration and the effect of eddy current, this measurement technique under pulsed high magnetic fields is still a challenge to date although a few laboratories have developed it in recent years.Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center (WHMFC) of China is a newly built pulsed-field laboratory. This experimental station is equipped with the many measuring instruments such as for measuring electric transport, magnetization, electron spin resonance, magneto-optics, and high pressure, which were established after the national assessment at the end of 2014. Recently, using a pyroelectric technique we successfully constructed an electric-polarization measurement system based on the large-scaled facility at the WHMFC. The nondestructive magnet driven by discharging a 1.25 MJ capacitor bank can generate a pulsed field up to 60 T. By tuning the charging energy and voltages, the pulse duration time can be modulated from 4.3 ms to 10.8 ms. A helium-3 cryogenic system equipped on this facility can achieve a lowest temperature down to 0.5 K. A high-precision rotation probe is designed and fabricated with angle varying from –5° to 185° for an angular-dependent study. The pyroelectric current is detected by a shunt resistor of 10 kΩ and the electric polarization is derived by integrating the pyroelectric current over the time. The resulting data have a good accuracy and quality which are helpful in detecting weak ferroelectric phase transitions induced by pulsed fields with a fast field sweep rate. In this paper, we introduce this measurement system in detail including the method, principle and its advantages in comparison with those in static fields. Recent study and progress of magnetoelectric multiferroic materials under high magnetic fields are also reported..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 057502-1 (2020)

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Simulation and architectural design for Schottky structure perovskite solar cells

Xiao-Juan Liang, Yu Cao, Hong-Kun Cai, Jian Su, Jian Ni, Juan Li, and Jian-Jun Zhang

The wx-AMPS simulation software is used to model and simulate the Schottky perovskite thin film solar cells. The front and back electrodes with different work functions are applied to the Schottky perovskite solar cells to study the effect of band structure on the performance of solar cells. The results show that in a The wx-AMPS simulation software is used to model and simulate the Schottky perovskite thin film solar cells. The front and back electrodes with different work functions are applied to the Schottky perovskite solar cells to study the effect of band structure on the performance of solar cells. The results show that in a range from 3.8 to 4.4 eV, as the work function of the front electrode decreases, the conversion efficiency of the Schottky solar cells gradually increases. When the work function of the front electrode is low, the electric field strength is large, which facilitates the transport of carriers in the light-absorbing layer of the perovskite and reduces the carrier recombination rate of the perovskite layer. In addition, the recombination ratio of the light absorbing layer is reduced due to the increase of the electric field strength, and the parallel resistance is increased to a certain extent thereby increasing the FF and improving the output efficiency of the battery. At the same time, when the current electrode work function is maintained at 3.8 eV, in a range from 4.3 to 5.5 eV, the higher the work function of the back electrode, the greater the conversion efficiency of the Schottky solar cell is. This conduces to the band alignment in contact between perovskite and back electrode. Under the premise that the common electrode Au is used as a back electrode, the work function of the front electrode is 3.8 eV and the conversion efficiency of the Schottky perovskite solar cell is 17.93%. In addition, by using the optimized front and rear contact electrodes, the quality of the perovskite layer material, thus the performance of the solar cell can be further improved. Doping till a certain concentration and removing the defects of the perovskite layer, the conversion efficiency of the solar cell with a thickness of 500 nm can be increased from 17.93% to 20.1%. The simulation results show that the Schottky perovskite thin film solar cells can obtain excellent performance with simple device structure and have great potential applications..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 057901-1 (2020)

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Flexible nitrogen dioxide gas sensor based on reduced graphene oxide sensing material using silver nanowire electrode

Chuang Li, Wei-Wei Li, Li Cai, Dan Xie, Bao-Jun Liu, Lan Xiang, Xiao-Kuo Yang, Dan-Na Dong, Jia-Hao Liu, and Ya-Bo Chen

In recent years, flexible gas sensors have aroused wide interest of researchers due to their enormous potential applications in wearable electronic devices. In this paper, a flexible gas sensor is prepared. We use silver nanowires as flexible interdigital electrodes for gas sensors and reduced graphene oxide as gas-sen In recent years, flexible gas sensors have aroused wide interest of researchers due to their enormous potential applications in wearable electronic devices. In this paper, a flexible gas sensor is prepared. We use silver nanowires as flexible interdigital electrodes for gas sensors and reduced graphene oxide as gas-sensing materials. We also study its gas sensitivity and flexibility properties such as responsiveness, recovery, and repeatability to nitrogen dioxide. The experimental results show that the silver nanowire flexible electrode and the reduced graphene oxide gas sensor prepared can detect the NO₂ gas with a concentration of 5—50 ppm at room temperature. The response (R_a/R_g) of the sensor to 50 ppm NO₂ is 1.19. It demonstrates high response ability and repeatability. The recovery rate can be kept above 76%. The sensitivity of the sensor is 0.00281 ppm^-1. The response time and recovery time of the prepared AgNWs IDE-rGO sensor for 5 ppm NO₂ gas are 990 s and 1566 s, respectively. At the same time, the sensor still exhibits excellent gas sensing performance at a bending angle in range from 0° to 45°. The device has relatively stable conductivity and good bending tolerance. The sensing mechanism of the sensor can be attributed to the direct charge transfer between the reduced graphene oxide material and NO₂ gas molecules. In addition, the high catalytic activity and excellent conductivity of Ag that is a common catalyst material, may also play an important role in improving the gas sensitivity of reduced graphene oxide materials. Silver nanowires, as a material for interdigital electrodes, provide excellent conductivity for device as well as support for the flexibility of device. It provides the fabricated sensor for good mechanical flexibility. And the gas-sensing performance of the AgNWs IDE-rGO sensor is mainly achieved by the use of reduced oxidized graphene material reduced by hydrazine hydrate. In summary, the silver nanowire flexible electrode and the graphene gas sensor prepared in this work are helpful in realizing the flexibility of the gas sensor. It lays a foundation for the further application of flexible gas sensors and has great application prospects in wearable electronic equipments..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 058101-1 (2020)

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Phase transformation, magnetic properties, and exchange bias of Heusler alloy Mn_50–xCr_xNi₄₂Sn₈

Algethami Obaidallah A, Ge-Tian Li, Zhu-Hong Liu, and Xing-Qiao Ma

In this paper, phase transformations, magnetic properties and exchange bias of Mn50–xCrxNi42Sn8 (x = 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) polycrystalline samples are investigated. It is found that each of all the alloys has a tetragonal martensite structure at room temperature. The transformation temperature decreases with the increase o

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 058102-1 (2020)

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Surface enhanced Raman scattering characteristics of three-dimensional pyramid stereo composite substrate

Mei-Mei Wu, Chao Zhang, Can Zhang, Qian-Qian Sun, and Mei Liu

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a highly sensitive spectroscopy technique, which is widely used in chemical reaction detecting, medical diagnostics, and food analysis. The construction of the substrate structure has a very important influence on enhancing the SERS signal of the probe molecule. In this paper

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 058103-1 (2020)

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Effect of out-of-plane driving flow on formation of plasmoids in current sheet system

Lin Wang, Lai Wei, and Zheng-Xiong Wang

In the last two decades, a wide variety of plasmoids events have been observed, ranging from space and astrophysical phenomenon to magnetically confined laboratory plasmas, in which there are a lot of evidence of observational plasmoid-like features supported by direct large-scaled computer simulations. A super-Alfv

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 059401-1 (2020)

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Research Articles

Design of a femtosecond electron diffractometer with adjustable gaps

Duan Luo, Dan-Dan Hui, Wen-Long Wen, Li-Li Li, Li-Wei Xin, Zi-Yuan Zhong, Chao Ji, Ping Chen, Kai He, Xing Wang, and Jin-Shou Tian

One of the grand challenges in ultrafast science is real-time visualization of the microscopic structural evolution on atomic time and length scales. A promising pump-probe technique using a femtosecond laser pulse to initiate the ultrafast dynamics and another ultrashort electron pulse to probe the resulting changes h One of the grand challenges in ultrafast science is real-time visualization of the microscopic structural evolution on atomic time and length scales. A promising pump-probe technique using a femtosecond laser pulse to initiate the ultrafast dynamics and another ultrashort electron pulse to probe the resulting changes has been developed and widely used to study ultrafast structural dynamics in chemical reactions, phase transitions, charge density waves, and even biological functions. In the past three decades, a number of different ultrafast electron guns have been developed to generate ultashort electron sources, mainly including hybrid electron gun with radio-frequency (RF) cavities for compressing the pulse broadening, relativistic electron gun for suppressing the coulomb interaction, single-electron pulses without space charge effect and compact direct current (DC) electron gun for minimizing the electron propagation distance. At present, these developments with different final electron energy and available total charge have improved the time response of ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) setups to a new frontier approaching to 100 fs regime. Although enormous efforts have been made, the superior capabilities and potentials of ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) are still hindered by space-charge induced pulse broadening. Besides, the penetration depth of electrons increases with the electron energy, while the scattering probability of electrons has the opposite consequence. Thus, in addition to the temporal resolution enhancement, it is also important that the electron energy should be tunable in a wide range to meet the requirements for samples with different thickness. Here in this work, we design a novel ultra-compact electron gun which combines a well-designed cathode profile, thereby providing a uniform field and a movable anode configuration to achieve a temporal resolution on the order of 100 fs over an accelerating voltage range from 10 kV to 125 kV. By optimizing the design of the high-voltage electrode profile, the field enhancement factor on the axis and along the cathode surface are both less than ~4% at different cathode-anode spacings, and thus the maximum on-axis field strength of ~10 MV/m is achieved under various accelerating voltages. This effectively suppresses the space charge broadening effect of the electron pulse. Furthermore, the anode aperture is designed as a stepped hole in which the dense sample grid can be placed, and the sample under study is directly supported by the grid and located at the anode, which reduces the cathode-to-sample distance, thus minimizing the electron pulse broadening from the cathode to sample. Moreover, the defocusing effect caused by the anode hole on the electron beam can be effectively reduced, therefore improving the lateral focusing performance of the electron beam..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 69, Issue 5, 052901-1 (2020)

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Research Articles