Journals >Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
Contents
2008
Volume: 25 Issue 1
23 Article(s)
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Research Article
Absolute frequency measurement on hyperfine transition R(59)8-4 of iodine molecule with phased locked femto-second laser
Jie YUAN, Lin YI, Wen-lan CHEN, Xiang-hui QI, Zhong Wang, Nai-cheng SHEN, and Xu-zong CHEN
We developed a system to measure the absolute frequency of transition of I2 based on phased locked femto-second laser. The system mainly includes phased locked femto-second laser with repetition frequency of 760 MHz and the 633 nm frequency standard of ECL based on third-harmonic frequency stabilization of iodine saturWe developed a system to measure the absolute frequency of transition of I2 based on phased locked femto-second laser. The system mainly includes phased locked femto-second laser with repetition frequency of 760 MHz and the 633 nm frequency standard of ECL based on third-harmonic frequency stabilization of iodine saturation absorption. The stabilization of frequency of the femto-second comb generator was achieved by locking both of the repetition frequency(fr)and the carrier envelope offset frequency(fceo)with homemade phase locked circuits and commercial microwave frequency standard. The stability was estimated up to 6.44×10－13. The absolute frequency was measured by beat frequency between the 633 nm frequency standard locked on the iodine hyperfine transitions and femto-second frequency comb with the help of wavelength meter. Therefore,the transfer from the microwave frequency standard to the optic frequency standard based on the phase locked femto-second laser system has been established,which makes the foundation for the further research..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 1 (2008)
Widely tunable mid-infrared spectrometer based on difference frequency generation seeding by external-cavity diode laser
Dong CHEN, Wen-qing LIU, Yu-jun ZHANG, Jian-guo LIU, Xiao-Juan CUI, Rui-feng KAN, Min WANG, Hui XIA, and Yi-ben CUI
The availability of room-temperature continuous-wave tunable narrow band coherent light sources emitting in the mid-infrared region is greatly valuable for trace gas sensing techniques. Nonlinear optical difference-frequency generation(DFG)scheme was a useful way to meet the requirement and good complementarities for tThe availability of room-temperature continuous-wave tunable narrow band coherent light sources emitting in the mid-infrared region is greatly valuable for trace gas sensing techniques. Nonlinear optical difference-frequency generation(DFG)scheme was a useful way to meet the requirement and good complementarities for traditional laser technology. A widely tunable room-temperature mid-infrared spectrometer was reported and the instrument was based on the quasi-phase-matched DFG of two near-infrared diode lasers in multigrating periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal. The mid-infrared coherent radiation was produced from 3.2 to 3.7 μm with a maximum output power of about 1 μW. The generated mid-infrared coherent radiation was applied to high-resolution detection of CH4 in the fundamental band,which showed the great promising of the instrument used in sensitive,high-resolution and fast response measurements of trace gas in the mid-infrared region..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 7 (2008)
Study on resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization of p-chlorophenol
Ting-ting ZHAO, Lei DING, Hai-yang ZHENG, and Li FANG
The resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectra of p-chlorophenol are studied by using a laser mass spectrometer with special designed heated sample inlet system. The REMPI excitation spectra(275～285nm)of the parent ion(4-CIP+)and the fragment ions(CH5O+,C5H5Cl+,C6H(+,5),C5H(+,5),C4H(+,3),C3H(The resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectra of p-chlorophenol are studied by using a laser mass spectrometer with special designed heated sample inlet system. The REMPI excitation spectra(275～285nm)of the parent ion(4-CIP+)and the fragment ions(C<6/SUB>H5O+,C5H5Cl+,C6H(+,5),C5H(+,5),C4H(+,3),C3H(+,3)are acquired. It was shown that the excitation spectra from different fragment ions or the parent ion are found to have the similar spectra features due to the same intermediate state. The chlorophenol molecular is firstly one photon resonantly excited to the intermediate state,and then absorbs another photon to produce the parent ion(C6H5O+). In combination with the structure of p-chlorophenol in the S1 state and the power indexes of different fragment ions,the results indicate that fragment ions are produced from the parent ion through the ladder mechanism..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 12 (2008)
Image segmentation method based on watersheds and ant colony clustering
Wei-li YANG, Lei GUO, Tian-yun ZHAO, and Gu-chu XIAO
Aimed at resolving the problems of sensitivity to noise and over-segmentation existing in traditional watershed algorithm,a new image segmentation method-CWAC is presented. First,an image is separated into a large number of small partitions by watershed algorithm and the characteristic parameters are calculated. SecondAimed at resolving the problems of sensitivity to noise and over-segmentation existing in traditional watershed algorithm,a new image segmentation method-CWAC is presented. First,an image is separated into a large number of small partitions by watershed algorithm and the characteristic parameters are calculated. Second,CWAC method merges different regions of homogeneity with ant colony clustering algorithm to gain result of image segmentation. CAWC algorithm can successfully solve the over-segmentation problem and at the same time it can reduce the computational times of ant colony clustering. In order to be more accurate and efficient at clustering ant colony,a new visibility based on intensity distribution and spatial information is defined. Experimental results show that CWAC can segment objective quickly and accurately and it is a practicable method for the image segmentation ..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 19 (2008)
A boundary prolongation method based on orthogonal polynomial fitting in wavelet transform
Chao KONG, Yong-hua FANG, Tian-ge LAN, Wei XIONG, Da-ming DONG, and Da-cheng LI
A new boundary prolongation method based on orthogonal polynomial fitting was developed to remove the signal-end effect. In the prolongation method M-order orthogonal polynomial was fitted with N points for both ends firstly,the low-frequency function of signal's both ends was expressed by orthogonal polynomial,andA new boundary prolongation method based on orthogonal polynomial fitting was developed to remove the signal-end effect. In the prolongation method M-order orthogonal polynomial was fitted with N points for both ends firstly,the low-frequency function of signal's both ends was expressed by orthogonal polynomial,and then the signal was extended with function,so the imported high-frequency parts were lowered. Results showed that choosing N from 30～50 and M from 2～4 was proper. Further experiment showed that the signal-end effect was cut down clearly when the method mentioned above was used in baseline correction with wavelet transformation..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 25 (2008)
Star target detection in sky background
Qing LI, Guo-chang TIAN, and Jian-ye WANG
Morphology filtering and order filtering are two methods used in image processing. First the image is pretreated by using the two methods,and then the target is distracted by using threshold division.The threshold is decided by the mean of the pretreated image gray and the variance. The image to be processed is star imMorphology filtering and order filtering are two methods used in image processing. First the image is pretreated by using the two methods,and then the target is distracted by using threshold division.The threshold is decided by the mean of the pretreated image gray and the variance. The image to be processed is star image under sky background. The result indicates that the target can be distracted from its noisy background in this way. At the same time,it also proves that while the target is larger than noise particles,using the two types of method can not only distract the target well,but also process fast.Moreover,the processing result of other image proves that the method is effecitve..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 29 (2008)
Propagation effects on inversionless lasing in a Dopplerbroadened four-level system
Meng-zheng ZHU, Chun-ran ZHAO, Xi-jun Fan, Jian-ming DAI, and Xin-guo YIN
Propagation effects of lasing without inversion(LWI)in a Doppler-broadened open four-level system are studied and simulated numerically. The results of numerical calculation for theoretical equations with considering propagation effect and Doppler effect in the open LWI system show that: 1)It is more advantageous to obPropagation effects of lasing without inversion(LWI)in a Doppler-broadened open four-level system are studied and simulated numerically. The results of numerical calculation for theoretical equations with considering propagation effect and Doppler effect in the open LWI system show that: 1)It is more advantageous to obtain LWI in the open system when the probing and driving fields are copropagating. 2)It is necessary for raising the probe gain that not only the driving field intensity at the entrance of the active medium needs be selected a proper value,but also the nominal detunings of driving and probe fields need be given suitable values. 3)With propagation length increase,population inversion cannot happen always in the upper and lower levels of the probed transition,and Raman inversion can be achieved in the upper level of the probed transition and upper level of optical transition which an intense external field drives..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 33 (2008)
Design of 4-pole magnetic selector in hydrogen atom maser and its application
Wei-qun ZHANG, Ke DAI, Yan-jun ZHANG, Yi-dong WU, and Yong CAI
The atomic hydrogen maser is the most stable frequency standard generally available today for all but the shortest measuring time interval. The design improvement of the magnetic selector benefits the improvement of the hydrogen maser's working coefficients and greatly decrease its volume and weight. Some useful reThe atomic hydrogen maser is the most stable frequency standard generally available today for all but the shortest measuring time interval. The design improvement of the magnetic selector benefits the improvement of the hydrogen maser's working coefficients and greatly decrease its volume and weight. Some useful relations to the design and experiment results of the atomic beam optics are given and important factors are discussed which must be taken into account for optimizing the atomic beam optics while improving the long-term performance..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 38 (2008)
Effect of the structures on the enhancement of ultra-violet photoluminescence intensity in Ag doped ZnO film
Yun-jiang JIN, Qing-xuan YU, Shu-jian LIU, and Yuan LIAO
Different Ag-doped ZnO and pure ZnO films on Si(100)substrates were prepared by PLD(the laser wavelengths are 1064 nm and 355 nm,respectively). The X-ray diffraction measurement indicated that the samples made by the two laser wavelengths have quite different structures. An intense enhancement of UV intensity was obserDifferent Ag-doped ZnO and pure ZnO films on Si(100)substrates were prepared by PLD(the laser wavelengths are 1064 nm and 355 nm,respectively). The X-ray diffraction measurement indicated that the samples made by the two laser wavelengths have quite different structures. An intense enhancement of UV intensity was observed in the Ag-doped ZnO films prepared by the laser wavelength of 1064 nm after being annealed at 800℃ in oxygen,but the similar phenomenon was not detected in the Ag-doped ZnO films made by the wavelength of 355 nm after the same annealing treatment. Under detailed discussion and comparison between the structural and optical properties of Ag-doped ZnO films,it was concluded that the reason of the enhancement of UV intensity may be related to the localized surface plasmon resonance resulting from the nanoscale silver particles embedded in the Ag-doped ZnO films..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 43 (2008)
Applications of a new genetic and simplex algorithm in optical film design and optimization
Dong-gong PENG, Yong-gang WU, Hong-fei JIAO, Hong CAO, Li ZHANG, Xiu-ping ZHENG, and Lian-xiao FU
On the base of traditional genetic algorithm,a new fitness function is constructed by introducing a standard deviation function. Meanwhile,a proposed method of automatically lowering temperature is used to control the temperature of controlling anneal-selecting strategy. A new method used to optimize and design film syOn the base of traditional genetic algorithm,a new fitness function is constructed by introducing a standard deviation function. Meanwhile,a proposed method of automatically lowering temperature is used to control the temperature of controlling anneal-selecting strategy. A new method used to optimize and design film system is developed by combining the improved float-coded genetic algorithm with simplex algorithm,and an optimized program is coded. Examples show that this program is excellent in both global and local searching capacity. Some notch filters with center wavelength 534 nm,bandwidth 35 nm and neutral beam splitter mirrors with high performance in visible band are designed..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 49 (2008)
Quantum teleportation of canonical variables
Wei YAN, and Wei-jun ZHANG
Two different teleportation protocols are investigated by using two pairs of canonically conjugated observables such as position-momentum and phase-number. The discrete variable and continuous variable quantum teleportation are unified in the framework of canonical quantum teleportation. Canonically conjugated observabTwo different teleportation protocols are investigated by using two pairs of canonically conjugated observables such as position-momentum and phase-number. The discrete variable and continuous variable quantum teleportation are unified in the framework of canonical quantum teleportation. Canonically conjugated observables are found to play a 3-fold role in the quantum teleportation. Firstly,the common eigenstate of two commuting canonical observables like phase-difference and number-sum provides the quantum channel between two systems. Secondly,a similar pair of canonical observables from another two systems is measured in the Bell operator measurements. Finally,two translations generated by the canonically conjugated observables of a single system constitute the local unitary operation to recover the unknown state..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 56 (2008)
Measurement of voltage-phase characteristic of phase-polarization modulator using interference method of polarization
Hai-feng LIU, Zhi-lie TANG, and Ya-dong WEI
By using interference method of polarization,the relation of input voltage and phase delay of phase-polarization modulator is discussed in detail,and the expression of the intensity of output interference light and phase delay of phase modulator is deduced. The result shows that the phase-polarization modulator can obtBy using interference method of polarization,the relation of input voltage and phase delay of phase-polarization modulator is discussed in detail,and the expression of the intensity of output interference light and phase delay of phase modulator is deduced. The result shows that the phase-polarization modulator can obtain steady interference light by using interference method of polarization,so the voltage-phase characteristic curve of phase-polarization modulator can be measured accurately. The result of the measurement shows that voltage-phase characteristic curve of phase-polarization modulator has good linearity..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 60 (2008)
Research on extending quantum key approach based on QKD
Li RAN, Yun-can LU, Chun YANG, and Jun HE
At present the most important problem of quantum key distribution is how to realize the key for long-distance and high code rate. So in order to improve the quantum key rates of quantum security communication systems,the reflection technique and displacement technique are studied to extend the capacity of quantum key wAt present the most important problem of quantum key distribution is how to realize the key for long-distance and high code rate. So in order to improve the quantum key rates of quantum security communication systems,the reflection technique and displacement technique are studied to extend the capacity of quantum key warehouse. The experiment simulation shows that the reflection technique and displacement technique can extend random sequence and their random quality is invariable..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 65 (2008)
Transfer of entangled state in the system evolution of coherent coupled-atom and coherent single-mode cavity-field
Ju-xia WANG, Zhi-yong YANG, and Yu-ying AN
The physics system consisting of coherent coupled-atom interaction with coherent single-mode cavity-field is proposed. Using the complete quantum theory,the evolution process of the system is studied.It is found that the quantum atom entangled states and light field entangled states can be transferred into each other uThe physics system consisting of coherent coupled-atom interaction with coherent single-mode cavity-field is proposed. Using the complete quantum theory,the evolution process of the system is studied.It is found that the quantum atom entangled states and light field entangled states can be transferred into each other under a certain temporal condition. Otherwise,the initial state of the atom or the light field entangled states can be completely preserved by controlling the time of the atoms interaction with the light fields..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 71 (2008)
Studies on magnifying visual screen
Hong-bo WANG, Rong-sheng ZHENG, Zhi-guo XIE, Hua-qiao GUI, Wei HUANG, Jie YAN, Jing-ming ZHANG, and Hai MING
Traditional illuminating devices have disadvantages of big-volume,stationary and without image magnification. For the sake of supplying a novel illuminating device to the readers especially weak-eyed users,a portable magnifying visual screen is designed,which has advantages of uniform illumination and image magnificatiTraditional illuminating devices have disadvantages of big-volume,stationary and without image magnification. For the sake of supplying a novel illuminating device to the readers especially weak-eyed users,a portable magnifying visual screen is designed,which has advantages of uniform illumination and image magnification. It uses both the frustrated total internal reflection(FTIR)principle of trapezoidal waveguide to realize the visual screen's uniform illumination and Fresnel lens to realize adjustable image magnification. Based on the above principles,the operating effects are simulated and the key parameters of visual screen by ZEMAX software are optimized. A visual screen of 120 mm×80 mm× mm is also presented and demonstrated. Both the uniform illumination and image magnification functions of visual screen are successfully realized in the experiments..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 76 (2008)
Design of double-wavelength optical power splitters based on photonic crystal multimode waveguides
Ding-huan FAN, Ping WU, Feng XIN, and Tian-bao YU
Based on photonic crystal multimode waveguides the double-wavelength optical power splitter is presented. The device can be used to divide the input beam equally for both 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm at the same time. The total length of this device is only 15 μm,which is one 182th of the conventional dielectric counterparts reBased on photonic crystal multimode waveguides the double-wavelength optical power splitter is presented. The device can be used to divide the input beam equally for both 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm at the same time. The total length of this device is only 15 μm,which is one 182th of the conventional dielectric counterparts reported. On the basis of the guided mode propagation analysis method,the self-imaging effect is discussed for the case of symmetric incidence. The finite-difference time-domain method is used to simulate the propagation of the beam in the multimode waveguide. The results show that the repetitive appearances of single image and twofold image of the input field occur alternatively in this device. The efficiency of the splitter is calculated,and the variation of the efficiency corresponding to the positions of the dielectric rods lying at the junctions between the multimode waveguides and single-mode waveguide is also discussed..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 82 (2008)
Dispersion and leakage loss analysis of Bragg fiber by full-vectorial finite-difference method
Chun-lai XIAO, and Li YANG
The dispersion and leakage loss in Bragg fibers are investigated by using a 1D full-vectorial finite-difference method. The physical mechanisms of leakage loss are explained from the view point of the band gap diagram,and two factors which can lead to the increasing leakage loss are identified. One is the transition ofThe dispersion and leakage loss in Bragg fibers are investigated by using a 1D full-vectorial finite-difference method. The physical mechanisms of leakage loss are explained from the view point of the band gap diagram,and two factors which can lead to the increasing leakage loss are identified. One is the transition of dispersion curve from the stop band to the pass band,which results in the absence of the band gap confinement. The other is the metallic-waveguide-like cutoff which dominates the rapid increasing loss for HE11 mode in the long wavelength..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 88 (2008)
Characteristics of L-band EDFA and its optimization design
Hai-feng FEI, Zhen-hong YU, and Chang-jun JI
EDF gain shifting to long band with the length increase was demonstrated by analyzing the C-EDFA amplified spontaneous emmission spectrum based on Giles model. Furthermore,transmission characteristic of various beam of light in L-EDFA and C-EDFA was studied and a reasonable explanation for low pump conversion efficiencEDF gain shifting to long band with the length increase was demonstrated by analyzing the C-EDFA amplified spontaneous emmission spectrum based on Giles model. Furthermore,transmission characteristic of various beam of light in L-EDFA and C-EDFA was studied and a reasonable explanation for low pump conversion efficiency(PCE)of L-EDFA was provided. Moreover,the intrinsic flat gain property was investigated. Gain spectrum is flat on optimum population inversion level(～40%). Finally,the problem of L-EDFA low PCE was solved by using a fiber loop mirror at the foreside of the L-EDFA to reflect the backward ASE. The PCE increases by 8.76% compared with the conventional structure..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 94 (2008)
V-I transmission matrix formalism for the analysis of fiber Bragg gratings
Rong-dong JI, Jie-long SHI, Guan-qun CHEN, and Rui-hong HU
V-I transmission matrix formalism which is well known in microwave engineering is proposed to analyze the fiber Bragg gratings. The coupled-mode equation is derived mathematically from the transmission matrices,and the validity of V-I transmission matrix formalism is proved. Numerical simulations show that the V-I tranV-I transmission matrix formalism which is well known in microwave engineering is proposed to analyze the fiber Bragg gratings. The coupled-mode equation is derived mathematically from the transmission matrices,and the validity of V-I transmission matrix formalism is proved. Numerical simulations show that the V-I transmission matrix formalism is much more efficient than coupled-mode theory. At last,it is pointed out that the V-I transmission matrix formalism needs to be modified when it is applied to long-period fiber gratings..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 99 (2008)
Wave transmission in Fibonacci supper-lattice for different polarizations
Qing-ping WU, Zheng-fang LIU, and Ai-xi CHEN
The optical transmission in the one-dimension Fibonacci supper-lattice for different polarizations is investigated by means of the transfer-matrix method. The results indicate that the forbidden band gaps for s-polarization trend to become wider with the increase of the angle of incidence and the forbidden band gaps wiThe optical transmission in the one-dimension Fibonacci supper-lattice for different polarizations is investigated by means of the transfer-matrix method. The results indicate that the forbidden band gaps for s-polarization trend to become wider with the increase of the angle of incidence and the forbidden band gaps will vanish in some angle,while the band gaps for p-polarization always become wider with the increase of the angle of incidence,and omnidirectional bandgap will appear. The optical transmission in Fibonacci supper-lattice with defects for different polarizations is also investigated. It can be concluded that if the s-polarization is total transmission,the p-polarization is total reflection,or if the p-polarization is total transmission,the s-polarization is forbidden. These characteristics will be widely used in modern microwave and optical device..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 105 (2008)
Integrated surface plasmon waveguide resonance sensing chip and its theoretical investigation
Bin WU, and Qing-kang WANG
Integrated surface plasmon resonance(SPR) waveguide sensing chip is a combo of surface plasmon resonance sense technology and micro-electronics fabrication technology. The work mechanism and basic structure of integrated SPR sensing chip are introduced. By combining a traditional waveguide mode solver with SPW dispersiIntegrated surface plasmon resonance(SPR) waveguide sensing chip is a combo of surface plasmon resonance sense technology and micro-electronics fabrication technology. The work mechanism and basic structure of integrated SPR sensing chip are introduced. By combining a traditional waveguide mode solver with SPW dispersion equation,an effective waveguide SPR solver is developed. Through this method,the work state of the chip is modeled theoretically and the relationships among various characteristic parameters are provided. It is proved that this method is a powerful tool to analyze the SPR waveguide sensing chip..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 109 (2008)
Interferometric fiber-optic sensor based on partial polarization maintaining apparatus
Kai QIAN, Chang-chun XU, Qiang GE, Xu-qiang WU, and Ben-li YU
The polarization-induced fading in fiber-optic sensor causes the decrease of interference efficiency,and the high cost in the use of polarization-maintaining fiber affects the practicability of fiber-optic sensor.Based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer,an optic-fiber sensor configuration using partial polarization maiThe polarization-induced fading in fiber-optic sensor causes the decrease of interference efficiency,and the high cost in the use of polarization-maintaining fiber affects the practicability of fiber-optic sensor.Based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer,an optic-fiber sensor configuration using partial polarization maintaining apparatus and feeding the interference signal back to the polarization controller to eliminate the polarization-induced fading is presented. And the system SNR is about 60 dB..
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 114 (2008)
[in Chinese]
[in Chinese]
Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2021
- Vol. 25, Issue 1, 119 (2008)
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