Journals >Acta Photonica Sinica
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2016
Volume: 45 Issue 8
28 Article(s)
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Research Article
A Dual-core Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance Characteristics of TiN
BAI Yu-kun, MA Ying, and WEI Ren-xiao
A dual-core photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on the surface-plasmon-resonance was proposed. The holey analyte channel in the center of the index-guiding dual-core photonic crystal fiber is coated with a titanium nitride layer and filled with a liquid mixture of ethanol and chloroform exhibiting a large tA dual-core photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on the surface-plasmon-resonance was proposed. The holey analyte channel in the center of the index-guiding dual-core photonic crystal fiber is coated with a titanium nitride layer and filled with a liquid mixture of ethanol and chloroform exhibiting a large thermo-optic coefficient. The shift of the resonance wavelength for the coupling between the guided-core mode and surface-plasmon-polariton reflects the variation of temperature or refractive index of the infiltrated liquid mixture. With the full-vector finite element method, the impacts of various factors on the transmission loss spectrum and its resonance wavelength were analyzed. The numerical calculation indicates that by any of the means of increasing the outer-cladding-hole diameter and decreasing the innermost-cladding-hole diameter or the hole pitch, the coupling efficiency, namely the resonance amplitude, can be increased. It is found that titanium nitride film shows superior surface-plasmon-resonance sensing characteristics over conventional gold film in the temperature range of －20℃~ 120℃, featuring an increase of both resonance wavelength shift and temperature sensitivity with an increase of film thickness and attaining the maximum temperature sensitivity of 6.22 nm/K..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 806001 (2016)
A Phase Estimation Algorithm for Optical Linear Sampling
LI Fei-tao, ZHAO Wei, and LIU Yuan-shan
An improved Blind Phase Search algorithm was proposed. In this algorithm, carrier phase noise was estimated by searching minimum Euler distance twice. To verify this algorithm, an optical linear sampling simulation system was set up. The constellation diagram of 10Gbaud/s 16QAM signal was simulated by using an optical An improved Blind Phase Search algorithm was proposed. In this algorithm, carrier phase noise was estimated by searching minimum Euler distance twice. To verify this algorithm, an optical linear sampling simulation system was set up. The constellation diagram of 10Gbaud/s 16QAM signal was simulated by using an optical frequency comb with pulse width of 500fs and duration of 10ns as optical sampling source. The simulation result shows that, the phase noise between the signal source and optical sampling source can be compensated effectively by this algorithm when the sum linewidth of the two lasers is less than 10MHz. Finally, the constellation diagram of 10Gbaud/s 16QAM signal is displayed clearly..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 806002 (2016)
Characteristics of Automatic Bonded Fiber Bragg Grating with Metal Materials
WANG Chu-hong, CHEN Wei-min, FU Zhi-fang, ZHANG Wei, LEI Xiao-hua, and LIU Xian-ming
The super electroplating technique was used to bond the fiber Bragg grating strain-sensing transducer with metal materials automatically, which can enhance the strain transfer efficiency showed by the theoretical analysis. In order to evaluate its effectiveness, started with the technology process and focused on the spThe super electroplating technique was used to bond the fiber Bragg grating strain-sensing transducer with metal materials automatically, which can enhance the strain transfer efficiency showed by the theoretical analysis. In order to evaluate its effectiveness, started with the technology process and focused on the spectral characteristics, a mechanical experiment was conducted to test mechanical properties of 3 electroplate-bonding fiber Bragg grating strain sensors. The results show that the survival rate of electroplate-bonding fiber Bragg grating strain sensors is 100%, the strain sensitivity is 1.2 pm/με, the strain transfer efficiency and linearity are higher than 0.98 and 0.99 respectively, the consistency bias is 10－6, and the zero dift is only 0.05. The perforances of electroplate-bonding fiber Bragg grating strain sensors are better than that of manual-bonding fiber Bragg grating sensors..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 806003 (2016)
Intrinsic Stress Monitoring During the Chemical Coating Processes Based on Fiber Grating Sensing
WANG Yu-bo, LI Yu-long, WANG Wen-qin, ZHANG Hua, and CUI Qing-bo
To study the evolution of the intrinsic stress in chemical plating processes, a method based on optical grating sensing model was presented for online monitoring the intrinsic stress evolution. By recording the centre wavelength shifts of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and combining with a bare grating used for compensationTo study the evolution of the intrinsic stress in chemical plating processes, a method based on optical grating sensing model was presented for online monitoring the intrinsic stress evolution. By recording the centre wavelength shifts of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and combining with a bare grating used for compensation, this method has realized the online monitoring of the intrinsic stress. The copper chemical plating experiment was used as an example for the online monitoring. Results show that, the centre wavelength of monitoring FBG presents a blue shift during the copper chemical plating processes. The intrinsic stress serves as a compressive stress on the FBG, which increases with the increasing of the plating time. The stress sensitivity and the precision of the monitoring FBG is 4.10 pm/MPa and 0.24 Mpa respectively..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 806004 (2016)
Far-field Focal Spot Measurement of 10kJ-level Laser Facility
WANG Zheng-zhou, XIA Yan-wen, LI Hong-guang, HU Bing-liang, YIN Qin-ye, and ZHENG Kui-xing
In order to evaluate the far-field beam quality of 10 kJ-level laser facility with different off-axis wedged focus lens, by utilizing the methods of the sampling of weak light beams and amplification imaging of splitting beams, the focal spot data of 3ω laser was collected by two 16-bit scientific-grade CCD cameras in In order to evaluate the far-field beam quality of 10 kJ-level laser facility with different off-axis wedged focus lens, by utilizing the methods of the sampling of weak light beams and amplification imaging of splitting beams, the focal spot data of 3ω laser was collected by two 16-bit scientific-grade CCD cameras in the paths of main lobe and side lobe under the conditions of that the lateral magnification coefficient is the same but the intensity attenuation coefficient is different. One CCD obtained main lobe of far-field image, the other acquired its side lobe. The far-field focal spot was reconstructed based on the mathematical model of schlieren method, and the dynamic range is 1 151.7∶1. The influence of CCD dynamic range, relative magnification ratio and system noise on reconstructed image was analyzed. Experimental results show that, the method can achieve a high dynamic range far-field accurate measurement of focal spot, the stitching error is less than one pixel, which meets the requirements of targeting experiments in experimental precision..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 812001 (2016)
3D Displacement and Velocity Measurement Based on a Single Frame Deformed Fringe for a Moving Object
CAO Sen-peng, and CAO Yi-ping
3D displacement and velocity were measurd by using a single frame fringe which is recorded by an interlaced scanning camera for a moving object. One frame deformed fringe is operated by dividing into two single field fringes, reconstructing 3D surface shapes by directly using Fourier transform profilometry, extracting 3D displacement and velocity were measurd by using a single frame fringe which is recorded by an interlaced scanning camera for a moving object. One frame deformed fringe is operated by dividing into two single field fringes, reconstructing 3D surface shapes by directly using Fourier transform profilometry, extracting 2D binarization templates from the modulation of single fields, computing the centroid to get sub-pixel locating point, and processing the shape data by bi-cubic interpolation and calibration, it can accomplish the measurements of 3D displacement and 3D average velocity within the interval of a field period time. In the 3D space experiment with constant velocity of a 3D object, the maximum absolute error of measured velocity is 0.6mm/s, and the relative error is 0.57%. This method needs only one frame deformed fringe to measure 3D displacement and velocity, and improves temporal resolution and measuring precision..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 812002 (2016)
Lock-in Amplifier for Pulse-Driven Quantum Cascade Lasers Gas Detection System
MIAO Chun-zhuang, LIN Bai-yang, DANG Jing-min, LI Chun-guang, WANG Li-jun, ZHENG Chuan-tao, and WANG Yi-ding
For the gas detection system based on pulse-type infrared quantum cascade lasers, a μs-level narrow-pulse lock-in amplifier was designed and achieved to accurately extract the amplitude of the narrow pulse sensing signal. According to the characteristics of the microsecond narrow pulse signal, the narrow pulse signal pFor the gas detection system based on pulse-type infrared quantum cascade lasers, a μs-level narrow-pulse lock-in amplifier was designed and achieved to accurately extract the amplitude of the narrow pulse sensing signal. According to the characteristics of the microsecond narrow pulse signal, the narrow pulse signal passed through a narrow bandpass filter and a fundamental sine-wave signal was obtained. Then, the sine-wave signal passed through a preamplifier, a phase-shifter and a phase-sensitive detection circuit, so that a direct current signal related to the pulse amplitude was obtained. As a testing signal, the narrow pulse whose amplitude, frequency and phase were adjustable was produced by a signal generator, the detailed functional verification experiments were carried out to validate the performance of the proposed lock-in amplifier. The results show that, a good linear relationship is found between the output direct current voltage and the amplitude of the standard input pulse signal; the fitness of the system is about 98.043%; the relative detection error of its output voltage is less than 3%; within one hour′s test, the fluctuation range of the measured signal is less than 1‰. The detailed gas detection experiments were carried out using prepared carbon monoxide (CO) samples with different concentrations and the lock-in amplifier. Within the CO concentration range of 0~180 parts per million (ppm), the output voltage from the lock-in amplifier reveals an exponential relationship with CO concentration, which also proves the normal function of this device. The limit of detection predicted from the Allan variance is 0.412 3 ppm. Compared with commercial lock-in amplifiers, this amplifier has special characteristics including small volume, low cost, ease of integration, and so it has a good application prospect for mid-infrared gas detection based on quantum cascade lasers..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 814001 (2016)
100 W All-fiberized Pulsed Fiber Laser with High Repetition Rate and Narrow Pulse Duration
ZHANG Da-yong, ZHANG Kun, LI Yao, and ZHAO Hong
An all-fiberized pulsed fiber laser with high repetition rate and narrow pulse duration based on master oscillator power amplifier structure was reported. The seed source is a directly pulse driven fiber pigtailed laser diode working at 1 063 nm. To restrain the generation of amplified spontaneous emission light in theAn all-fiberized pulsed fiber laser with high repetition rate and narrow pulse duration based on master oscillator power amplifier structure was reported. The seed source is a directly pulse driven fiber pigtailed laser diode working at 1 063 nm. To restrain the generation of amplified spontaneous emission light in the fiber amplifier, the seed is modulated to work at suitable supper Gaussian shape. The seed laser with peak power of 950 mW is amplified by two stages Yb3+ doped double cladding fibers whose core diameters are 10 μm and 30 μm. At last, the pulsed laser is obtained with an average power of 101W, a repetition rate of 200 kHz, a pulse duration of 14.77 ns, a peak power of 34.2 kW, a 3 dB spectral spectrum width of 0.261 nm and a beam quality factor M2 of 1.17. Compared with the conventional nanosecond pulsed laser, the proposed fiber laser is essential or more efficiently in many applications, such as laser radar, remote sensing, frequency doubling and optical parametric oscillator, because of its high peak power, good beam quality, narrow spectrum width and simple structure..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 814002 (2016)
Narrow-linewidth Single-frequency Yitterbium-doped Fiber Laser at 1 083 nm
YUAN Li-mei, LU Bao-le, KANG Jin, CHEN Hao-wei, and BAI Jin-tao
A low noise single-frequency 1 083 nm fiber laser with a linear cavity was presented and demonstrated with a linewidth of 4 kHz. A polarization controller was introduced to eliminate the spatial hole burning effect in the linear cavity to suppress the multiple longitudinal mode oscillation. The results show that, when A low noise single-frequency 1 083 nm fiber laser with a linear cavity was presented and demonstrated with a linewidth of 4 kHz. A polarization controller was introduced to eliminate the spatial hole burning effect in the linear cavity to suppress the multiple longitudinal mode oscillation. The results show that, when the pump power is in the range of 40 mW～200 mW, the single-frequency oscillation is very stable, the maximum output power can reach to 46 mW, the optical signal to noise ratio is larger than 60 dB, the maximum optical-to-optical conversion efficiency and the slope efficiency is 23% and 33.3%, respectively. The stable single-frequency operation can be maintained more than 1 hour with the instability of the output power and the spectrum fluctuations less than ±3% and 0.9% respectively. There are no mode hopping and mode competition during the entire observation..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 814003 (2016)
Nonlinear Dynamics of 1 550 nm Vertical-cavity Surface-emitting Lasers Subject to Negative Optoelectronic Feedback
YANG Xin, CHEN Jian-jun, WU Zheng-mao, XIA Guang-qiong, HUANG Shou-wen, and DENG Tao
Based on the observed time series, power spectra, and phase portraits of the laser output, the nonlinear dynamics of 1 550 nm Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (1 550 nm-VCSELs) under the negative optoelectronic feedback were investigated. The results show that, for a given bias current, 1 550 nm-VCSEL subject toBased on the observed time series, power spectra, and phase portraits of the laser output, the nonlinear dynamics of 1 550 nm Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (1 550 nm-VCSELs) under the negative optoelectronic feedback were investigated. The results show that, for a given bias current, 1 550 nm-VCSEL subject to negative optoelectronic feedback can exhibit rich nonlinear dynamic states such as Regular Pulsing (RP), Quasiperiodic Pulsing (QP), and Chaotic Pulsing (CP) under different feedback strength. On the other hand, for a fixed feedback strength, through adjusting the values of the bias current, diverse dynamical states can also be observed in 1 550 nm-VCSEL subject to negative optoelectronic feedback. Finally, a mapping of dynamical states was given in the parameter space of bias current and feedback strength, and the evolution routes of dynamic states were also analyzed. For the case of small bias current and weak optoelectronic feedback, the laser almost operates at stable state (S). For the case of higher bias current, the dynamical behaviors of the laser follow a repeated RP-QP-RP route to CP state. When the bias current is increased to a certain level, the dynamical behaviors of the laser follow a repeated RP-QP-CP evolution route with the increase of optoelectronic feedback strength..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 814004 (2016)
Packaging Technology of Distributed Feedback Fiber Laser
SONG Zhi-qiang, WANG Wei-tao, QI Hai-feng, GUO Jian, NI Jia-sheng, and WANG Chang
The acoustic sensitivity mechanism of distributed feedback fiber laser was analyzed. The key technology of acoustic isolation and vibration isolation is to blocking-up the tranfer and impact to the structure of string. According to the analysis results, a packaging structure of the main body for the arc neutral axis slThe acoustic sensitivity mechanism of distributed feedback fiber laser was analyzed. The key technology of acoustic isolation and vibration isolation is to blocking-up the tranfer and impact to the structure of string. According to the analysis results, a packaging structure of the main body for the arc neutral axis slot was designed. The active phase shifted fiber Bragg grating of distributed feedback fiber laser is fixed in the slot of the package structure under a certain pre-tension. The fiber Bragg grating is attached to each point on the curved plane. The experimental results show that the effect of sound bending and other effects are effectively eliminated by the proposed structure. Laser line-width will not be broadened under acoustic and vibration shock. Moreover, the wavelength temperature tuning coefficient is increased from 10 pm/℃ to 30 pm/℃, the output performance of distributed feedback fiber laser is stable..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 814005 (2016)
Se Improved Far-infrared Te-based Chalcogenide Glass
PAN Zhang-hao, WANG Xun-si, LIAO Fang-xing, UN Li-hong, LIU Shuo, ZHAO Zhe-ming, LIU Zi-jun, MI Nan, WU Bo, JIANG Ling, and ZHANG Xiang-hua
Se with good glass formation ability was gradually doped into the Ge-As-Te glasses, and then the gradual change processes of some key physical and optical properties were observed. A series of Ge10As40Te50-xSex(x=0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) chalcogenide glass samples were prepared by the traditional melt-quenching method. TSe with good glass formation ability was gradually doped into the Ge-As-Te glasses, and then the gradual change processes of some key physical and optical properties were observed. A series of Ge10As40Te50-xSex(x=0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) chalcogenide glass samples were prepared by the traditional melt-quenching method. The internal microstructure, physical and chemical properties of the glass samples were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and thermal dilatometer instruments. Vis-NIR absorption spectra and infrared optical transmission spectra of these glasses were recorded with Spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy instrument. Then, the Tauc equation was adopted to calculate the direct and indirect optical band gaps of the glass samples. The results show that with the increasing of the Se, the thermal stability can be effectively improved, the maximum Tg can reach up to 233 ℃. A obvious blue shift of short infrared absorption spectrum cut-off edge appearance is observed in these glasses, i.e. The optical band gap increases gradually, which shows a wider range of transmission and better transparency spectrum, the maximum transmission rate can reach up to 56%. Infrared cut-off edge remains at 20μm, while Se content is less than 2 mol, its thermal stability is improved obviously and the optical spectral changes little. At last, using metal Mg as an oxide redactor for the purification of these glasses, the results show that the transmission spectra is much smooth and without any obvious impurity absorption peaks after the appropriate purification process..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 816001 (2016)
Annular Force Based on Variable Curvature Mirror Technique
XIE Xiao-peng, ZHAO Hui, LI Chuang, FAN Xue-wu, REN Guo-rui, CHAI Wen-yi, XU Liang, and SU Yu
Based on the elasticity theory of thin plates, the basic analysis on annular line load model and deflection equations based on this model was given. Aiming to generate a large saggitus variation using a smaller force, mathematical analysis on different mirror thickness and actuate ring radius was done by using MATLAB, Based on the elasticity theory of thin plates, the basic analysis on annular line load model and deflection equations based on this model was given. Aiming to generate a large saggitus variation using a smaller force, mathematical analysis on different mirror thickness and actuate ring radius was done by using MATLAB, the corresponding optimal value is 2~4 mm and 1/2 mirror's clear radius. One QeB variable curvature mirror prototype, whose diameter and thickness is 100 mm and 3 mm respectively was designed, fabricated and the whole structure's first ten vibration mode analysis was given. The surface accuracy of the assembled prototype is nearly λ/30. Finally, the capability in altering curvature and maintaining surface figure accuracy was tested experimentally. By improving the variable curvature mirror structure, the QeB variable curvature mirror could provide a saggitus more than 30 wavelengths(632.8 nm) and the degradation of surface figure accuracy is weakly correlated to the variation of radius of curvature..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 822001 (2016)
Freeform Lens for Two Beams Collimating of a Spectrometer Source
Wang Xiaoduo, Liu Hua, Li Yunpeng, Quan Xiangqian, and Lu Zhenwu
To extend the working spectral range of spectrometer while keeping the resolution the same, a freeform lens was designed based on non-imaging principle, which could collimate the broadband source light into two beams with different wavelengths in different direction, to achieve the spectrum-fold on a two demention arraTo extend the working spectral range of spectrometer while keeping the resolution the same, a freeform lens was designed based on non-imaging principle, which could collimate the broadband source light into two beams with different wavelengths in different direction, to achieve the spectrum-fold on a two demention array detector. First of all, a first-order partial differential equations set was obtained according to the vector relationship between the incident rays and the refractive rays on the freeform surface. Then Runge-Kutta methods was adopted to get the numerical solution of the partial differential equations which are the discrete points of the freeform surface, and the freeform lens was constructed. The two beam collimating of the source was simulated in ZEMAX software, and the irradiance maps of the two collimated beams were simulated in Tracepro software. Finally, the freeform lens was appllied to a spectrometer to collimate a source with wavelength ranging from 800 nm to 2 400 nm into two beams with wavelength from 800 nm to 1 600 nm and from 1 600 nm to 2 400 nm in different direction. After being dispersed by one grating and focused by imaging lens, two paralle and end to end spectra were distributed in the detector, and the spectral resolution was better than 10nm. The simulation results show that, by using this kind of freeform lens, both high resolution and wide working wavelength range can be achieved in one spectrometer, and the structure of the spectrometer becomes much more compact..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 822002 (2016)
Adaptive Exposure of Space Camera
CAO Qi-lei, DONG Li-li, ZHAO Ming, XU Wen-hai, and LI Ying
In order to realize the adaptive exposure of the space camera, this paper proposes a method for adaptively configuring exposure parameters according to the highest luminance information of scene, which is realized by metering, calculating and imaging, successively. A large-scale array camera for light metering is instaIn order to realize the adaptive exposure of the space camera, this paper proposes a method for adaptively configuring exposure parameters according to the highest luminance information of scene, which is realized by metering, calculating and imaging, successively. A large-scale array camera for light metering is installed besides the space camera. First, before the space camera is push-broom imaging a certain area, the image of this area can be obtained by metering camera with preset exposure parameters in advance, and the highest luminance information of this area can be measured. Then, exposure parameters of the space camera can be calculated by setting the highest luminance information measured before as the saturation luminance of the space camera. Finally, when the space camera focuses on this area after orbiting to a certain extent, the space camera could realize adaptive exposure by adopting exposure parameters calculated previously. Ground experiment results show that, compared with the method of using fixed small exposure parameters, the proposed method can reduce the number of under-exposed images. According to statistical results, the gray range of images is enlarged from 37 up to 253, and the image entropy also increases significantly. This method can adequately make use of the dynamic range of imaging system according to the current scene, improving the gray range and quality of the image..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 822003 (2016)
Simulation and Experiment of 214-element Unimorph Deformable Mirror with Edge-Driven
CHEN Kai, CHEN Jun-jie, MAO Yu-xin, MA Jian-qiang, and CHU Jia-ru
In order to improve the performance of unimorph deformable mirror for astronomical adaptive optics applications, an unimorph deformable mirror with edge-driven was proposed. The unimorph deformable mirror has a 75 mm diameter and 214 elements, which is supported by several piezoelectric stack actuators at the edge. FirIn order to improve the performance of unimorph deformable mirror for astronomical adaptive optics applications, an unimorph deformable mirror with edge-driven was proposed. The unimorph deformable mirror has a 75 mm diameter and 214 elements, which is supported by several piezoelectric stack actuators at the edge. First, the structural model was established using finite element method. The performances of unimorph deformable mirrors with three and six active supports were analyzed and compared. Then, a three points edge-driven unimorph deformable mirror and a six points edge-driven unimorph deformable mirror were fabricated. Finally, the correction performance of the supporting actuators for low aberrations was tested using a wavefront sensor. The experimental results show that, the unimorph deformable mirrors with three and six supporting actuators can reconstruct tip and tilt aberrations which are greater than 12 μm under 100 V operating voltage with normalized residual error less than 0.06. Six supporting actuators also have a good correction capability for astigmatism and trefoil aberrations. It is proved that the supporting actuators at the edge can be used to improve the correction capability of the unimorph deformable mirror..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 822004 (2016)
A CMOS Single Photon Avalanche Diode Device with High Photon Detection Efficiency
WANG Wei, BAO Xiao-yuan, CHEN Li, XU Yuan-yuan, CHEN Ting, and WANG Guan-yu
A single photon avalanche diode was proposed based on the standard 0.35μm CMOS technology. The single photon avalanche diode was with the p+n well junction structure, the guard ring and deep n-well structures were introduced to improve the performance of the device. The influence of the diffusion n-well guard ring widtA single photon avalanche diode was proposed based on the standard 0.35μm CMOS technology. The single photon avalanche diode was with the p+n well junction structure, the guard ring and deep n-well structures were introduced to improve the performance of the device. The influence of the diffusion n-well guard ring width on the breakdown characteristics was investigated. The typical characteristics such as electric field distribution, breakdown characteristics, photon detection efficiency and frequency response were analyzed. The simulation results show that, when the diameter of the proposed single photon avalanche diode device is 10 μm and the diffusion of n-wells width of the guard ring structure is 1 μm, the avalanche breakdown voltage is 13.2 V, the 3 dB bandwidth is up to 1.6 GHz. The maximal photon detection efficiency is as high as 52% and 55% when the excess bias voltage is 1 V and 2 V, respectively. The best responsivity is obtained within the spectral range wavelength of 500～800 nm, the peak unit responsivity is 0.45 A/W at the wavelength of 680 nm..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 823001 (2016)
Fano Resonance Based on a Rectangular Cavity Coupled with a Semi-circular Cavity
CHEN Hui-bin, ZHANG Zhi-dong, YAN Shu-bin, and JIAO Guo-tai
A plasmonic structure consisting of a metal-insulator-metal waveguide, a rectangular cavity and a semi-circular cavity was proposed to investigate the transmission properties by the finite-element method. Simulation results show that there is a sharp and asymmetric Fano profile in transmission spectrum, which is due toA plasmonic structure consisting of a metal-insulator-metal waveguide, a rectangular cavity and a semi-circular cavity was proposed to investigate the transmission properties by the finite-element method. Simulation results show that there is a sharp and asymmetric Fano profile in transmission spectrum, which is due to the interaction of the local discrete state and the continuous spectrum caused by the rectangular cavity and the semi-circular cavity, respectively. After changing the parameters of cavities, it was found that this Fano resonance position exhibits dependence on the parameters of the rectangular cavity, while is not sensitive to the tiny movement between the two resonators. Meanwhile, the propagation properties of two derivative structures were also studied by changing the mix of two resonators, and the transmission spectrums of these structures can exhibit a sharp and asymmetric Fano profile. In addition, the application of these structures in sensors was also studied by filled the cavities with different refractive index materials, the maximum sensitivity value of which is up to 750 nm/RIU. These studies will provide some theoretical basis for the future high sensitive microchip sensor based on surface plasmon polaritons waveguide..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 823002 (2016)
Test of Nano-waveguide Resonator with Different Deposition Layers
ZANG Jun-bin, ZHAO Guo-ying, WEI Li-ping, and XUE Chen-yang
In order to confirm the effect of semiconductor photoelectric device integration’s insulating layer on the overall performance in system on chip, the resonator with insulating layer was designed and prepared. By the transmission spectrum measurement, it is demonstrated that depositing Si3N4 thin-film and SiO2 thin-filmIn order to confirm the effect of semiconductor photoelectric device integration’s insulating layer on the overall performance in system on chip, the resonator with insulating layer was designed and prepared. By the transmission spectrum measurement, it is demonstrated that depositing Si3N4 thin-film and SiO2 thin-film on the resonator have no effect on the quality factor of the resonator. By further analysis, it is found that after deposition, the optimal coupling gap is between 70 nm and 110 nm. For the resonator with SiO2 thin-film, the extinction ratio is 16.5 dB and 3 dB bandwidth is 0.12 nm at the resonant peak. While for the resonator with Si3N4 thin-film, the extinction ratio is 13.9 dB and the 3 dB bandwidth is 0.18 nm at the resonant peak. The energy efficient coupling and high density integration in the system on chip integration would be achieved by selecting the best insulation material..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 823003 (2016)
Goos-Hnchen Shifts Around the Resonance Angle of a Prism Waveguide Structure
ZHANG Wen-jing, ZHANG Zhi-wei, YANG Peng, ZHU Xiang, DAI Yi-fan, and WEI Yu-yun
Goos-Hnchen (GH) shifts of 633 nm polarized light through a μm-order isosceles triangle prism waveguide structure with Kretschmann-Raether configuration were simulated and analyzed. When the thickness of gold film is 45 nm, the maximum positive beam displacement, obtained using a Stationary-Phase Analysis (SPA), is abGoos-Hnchen (GH) shifts of 633 nm polarized light through a μm-order isosceles triangle prism waveguide structure with Kretschmann-Raether configuration were simulated and analyzed. When the thickness of gold film is 45 nm, the maximum positive beam displacement, obtained using a Stationary-Phase Analysis (SPA), is about +120 μm at the incident angle of 44.1°; and it is +3.37 μm using COMSOL Multiphysics5.1 (CM) at the incident angle of 44.1°. The beam displacements, obtained using CM and SPA around the resonance angle, are all positive, although the enhancement effect from CM is much less than that of SPA. These results are useful for designing high sensitivity sensors based on GH shift measurement..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 826001 (2016)
Propagation Properties of Partially Coherent Diffraction-free Beam Through an Annular Aperture
WANG Shuo-chen, XIE Xiao-xia, and WU Feng-tie
Based on Gaussian-Schell model and method of the cross spectral density, the optical intensity formula of partially coherent Bessel beam passing through an annular aperture was derived theoretically. Mathcad software numerically was used to simulate the optical intensity formula, and the cross-sectional light spot diagBased on Gaussian-Schell model and method of the cross spectral density, the optical intensity formula of partially coherent Bessel beam passing through an annular aperture was derived theoretically. Mathcad software numerically was used to simulate the optical intensity formula, and the cross-sectional light spot diagrams of different propagation distance were derived. The results show that partially coherent Bessel beam passing through an annular aperture can generate a hollow beam. In experiment, green LED was used as the light source to obtain partially coherent Bessel beam focused by axicon, and an annular aperture was placed in its non-diffraction distance. The diffraction light spot diagram of partially coherent Bessel beam passing through the annular aperture was shot by a stereo microscope camera system, and the results agree with the simulation results..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 826002 (2016)
Measurement and Simulation of Laser Scattering from Near Sea Surface
TONG Guang-de, WANG Zhan-shan, SHEN Zheng-xiang, and WANG Biao
The characteristic of laser scattering of sea surface is one of the key factors which restrict the laser radar to detect and recognize the artificial flying objects near sea surface. To simulate the state of super-low-altitude and by constructing an artificial indoor tank with wave makers to simulate the real sea surfaThe characteristic of laser scattering of sea surface is one of the key factors which restrict the laser radar to detect and recognize the artificial flying objects near sea surface. To simulate the state of super-low-altitude and by constructing an artificial indoor tank with wave makers to simulate the real sea surface with diffrient conditions, the data of laser back scattering from the near water surface in typical wave conditions was attained. The sea surface was modelled as a regular grid and the height of grid was derived by using the PM spectrum, the back scattering intensity of each sea surface grid was calculated based on the Torrance-Sparrow model, the back scattering characteristic of the near sea surface irradiated by laser was analysed. The experiment and simulation results are in good agreement with each other and show that, the characteristic of laser back scattering of near sea surface is strongly related with the stochastic distribution of sea waves and its intensity has the performance of the stochastic distribution with the sea surface, the intensity of scattering increases with the increasing of grazing angle. Because of the random fluctuation of sea, the maxium of scattering data fluctuates in a large range and the fluctuation values also increase with the increasing of grazing angle..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 829001 (2016)
Inversion of Dynamic Light Scattering Data by Treating Noise as an Independent Variable
XIAO Ying-ying, SHEN Jin, John C Thomas, WANG Xue-min, WANG Ya-jing, YIN Li-ju, SUN Xian-ming, and XIU Wen-zheng
In dynamic light scattering measurements, noise often makes inversion of the autocorrelation function to obtain the particle size distribution unreliable. To obtain accurate particle size distributions from noisy dynamic light scattering data, a modified inversion method based on the original Tikhonov regularization alIn dynamic light scattering measurements, noise often makes inversion of the autocorrelation function to obtain the particle size distribution unreliable. To obtain accurate particle size distributions from noisy dynamic light scattering data, a modified inversion method based on the original Tikhonov regularization algorithm is proposed. In the method, the noise in the data is considered an independent variable. During the inversion process the number of rows and columns of the coefficient matrix equation is increased to accommodate this. Finally, using the dimensions of the coefficient matrix, the poor particle size distribution data is separated from the recovered particle size distributions, reducing the influence of noise in the data. The particle size distributions recovered from the dynamic light scatteringdata show that the modified Tikhonov regularization inversion algorithm can give rise to improved accuracy compared with the original inversion algorithm, especially for low signal-to-noise ratio data..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 829002 (2016)
Influence of Angular Combination on Multiangle Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement
Wang Xumin, Shen Jin, Zhu Xinjun, Wang Yajing, Sun Xianming, and Yin Liju
In order to analyse the influence of the angular combination on the dynamic light scattering measurement, five groups of simulated bimodal particle system (114/457 nm, 202/800 nm, 307/541 nm, 433/721 nm and 600/900 nm) were measured at different combinations of three, four, five and six scattering angles respectively. In order to analyse the influence of the angular combination on the dynamic light scattering measurement, five groups of simulated bimodal particle system (114/457 nm, 202/800 nm, 307/541 nm, 433/721 nm and 600/900 nm) were measured at different combinations of three, four, five and six scattering angles respectively. The inversion results show that, the different angular combinations with the same numbers of scattering angles give different measuring results. When Mie-scattering intensitys corresponded to the selected angles are different significantly, especially including the maximum and minimum points, the more accurate measurement results can be gotten. The results were verified by the experimental results of a dilute bimodal suspension of polystyrene latex standard spheres. The reason for the combination influence is that the information of particle sizing is added as the number of scattering angle increases, but only when the added angles located at the points of Mie-scattering intensity different significantly would provide more information about particle sizing. However, if improper angles are choose, the benefits from increase of angles would be offset by the losses caused by angle calibration noise..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 829003 (2016)
Sol-gel Preparation of Graded-refractive-index Antireflective Coatings for GaInP/GaAs/Ge Triple-junction Solar Cells
TIAN Bing-tao, WANG Xiao-dong, NIU Yan-yan, CAO Yuan-yuan, FENG Jian-bin, ZHANG Zhi-hua, and SHEN Jun
To reduce the reflection and improve the efficiency of multi-junction solar cell, a 4-layer antireflective coating with graded refractive index was designed for GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cell. Through adjusting the refractive indices of the different coatings, a 4-layer TiO2/ZrO2/A-SiO2/B-SiO2 antireflective To reduce the reflection and improve the efficiency of multi-junction solar cell, a 4-layer antireflective coating with graded refractive index was designed for GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cell. Through adjusting the refractive indices of the different coatings, a 4-layer TiO2/ZrO2/A-SiO2/B-SiO2 antireflective coating with graded refractive index was successfully prepared by sol-gel dip-coating method. The results shown that the average reflectance of the triple-junction solar cell coated with the AR coatings decreased from 28.58% to 4.86 % while the maximum reflectance decreased from 46.35% to 15.45% in the wavelength range of 300~1 700 nm..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 831001 (2016)
Preparation and Characterization of Flexible PMMA Inverse Opal Film
DENG Li-er, GONG Lei, and LIU Wang-yun
SiO2 colloidal crystals with silicon spheres diameter of 270 nm were used as templates and MMA was filled in the gap of silica spheres. SiO2/PMMA photonic crystal with a overlayer of PMMA was obtained by polymerization reaction. SiO2/PMMA was immersed in a 20 wt% HF aqueous solution. After etching half an hour, the fleSiO2 colloidal crystals with silicon spheres diameter of 270 nm were used as templates and MMA was filled in the gap of silica spheres. SiO2/PMMA photonic crystal with a overlayer of PMMA was obtained by polymerization reaction. SiO2/PMMA was immersed in a 20 wt% HF aqueous solution. After etching half an hour, the flexible PMMA film with inverse opal structure peeled off from the TIO glass substrates. The thin film is a kind of periodic and ordered three-dimensional porous structure with uniform pore size of 210 nm, the color of the film is bluish violet which is relative to the position of the band gap. By analysising of the microstructure, the course of the formation of flexible film was studied. In the stage of polymerization, the bulk shrinkage was more in the overlayer than in the interstitial spaces, due mostly to the mechanical resistance provided by the close-packed spheres. Stress difference between the surface and under sruface made the inverse film falled off from the ITO glass.This kind of film can be used for the preparation of flexible photoelectronic devices.Key words:.
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 831002 (2016)
Linearly, Radially and Azimuthally Polarized Femtosecond Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures on Amorphous Alloy
LI Chen, and CHENG Guang-hua
The formation mechanism of Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) on the amorphous alloy Zr44Ti11Cu10Ni10Be25(at%) was investigated. In experiment, LIPSS on the amorphous alloy were produced by ultrashort laser pulses of 120 fs duration at 800 nm wavelength in three types of laser polarizations (linear, radiThe formation mechanism of Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) on the amorphous alloy Zr44Ti11Cu10Ni10Be25(at%) was investigated. In experiment, LIPSS on the amorphous alloy were produced by ultrashort laser pulses of 120 fs duration at 800 nm wavelength in three types of laser polarizations (linear, radial and azimuthal polarization). These LIPSS are comprised of Low-Spatial-Frequency LIPSS (LSFL) with the periodicity of 652～723 nm and macro-ripples with the periodicity of 1 304～1 765 nm. By Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations, formation mechanism of macro-ripples can be explained by the interference between laser and modulated scattered electromagnetic wave induced by rough surface. In the condition of three types of laser polarizations (linear, radial and azimuthal polarization), FDTD simulation results agree with experimental results, proving the effectiveness of the macro-ripple formation mechanism..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 832001 (2016)
Broadband Supercontinuum Generation from Low Pulse Energy Infrared Pumps
WU Yuan-jie, ZOU Pu, YE Hui-qi, HAN Jian, FU Ling-tong, and XIAO Dong
By using an ytterbium fiber laser with a repetition rate of 250 MHz and a pulse duration of 140 fs as the pump source, the expreiments of broadband supercontinuum generation were conducted with tapered Photonic Cystal Fibers (PCFs). After optimizing the waist diameter of the PCF tapers, when the pulse energy of the pumBy using an ytterbium fiber laser with a repetition rate of 250 MHz and a pulse duration of 140 fs as the pump source, the expreiments of broadband supercontinuum generation were conducted with tapered Photonic Cystal Fibers (PCFs). After optimizing the waist diameter of the PCF tapers, when the pulse energy of the pump source is up to 0.36 nJ, a broadband spectrum was generated in the range from 470 nm to 1 620 nm at the level of －20 dB. After reaching up to 0.36 nJ, further increasing the pulse energy of the pump does not strongly benefit the spectral bandwidth in the visible range. The supercontinuum generation is verified by the simulation. In the simulation, the supercontinuum is generated in the input transition section, which is also observed in the experiments. By keeping the pulse energy of 0.36 nJ, this fiber survives with the high repetition rate pulses of 25 GHz, and obtains the －20 dB level spectral range from 450 nm to 700 nm in the visible range. A more than 12 h spectral evolution measurement shows the stability of the generated supercontinuum..
Acta Photonica Sinica
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 45, Issue 8, 832002 (2016)
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