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2018
Volume: 16 Issue 9
15 Article(s)
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Research Articles
Detectors
A proposed approach for detecting terahertz pulses by using double few-cycle laser pulses with opposite carrier envelope phases
Kejia Wang, Xinyang Gu, Zhenwei Zhang, Zhengang Yang, Jinsong Liu, and Shenglie Wang
Previous research shows that few-cycle laser (FCL) pulses with low energy and without a bias field can be used to coherently detect terahertz (THz) pulses. As we know, it is very difficult to stabilize the carrier envelope phase (CEP) of FCL pulses, i.e., there are some random fluctuations for the CEP. Here we theoretically investigate the influence of such instability on the accuracy of THz detection. Our results show that although there is an optimum CEP for THz detection, the fluctuations of the CEP will lead to terrible thorns on the detected THz waveform. In order to solve this problem, we propose an approach using two few-cycle laser pulses with opposite CEPs, i.e., their CEPs are differed by π.Previous research shows that few-cycle laser (FCL) pulses with low energy and without a bias field can be used to coherently detect terahertz (THz) pulses. As we know, it is very difficult to stabilize the carrier envelope phase (CEP) of FCL pulses, i.e., there are some random fluctuations for the CEP. Here we theoretically investigate the influence of such instability on the accuracy of THz detection. Our results show that although there is an optimum CEP for THz detection, the fluctuations of the CEP will lead to terrible thorns on the detected THz waveform. In order to solve this problem, we propose an approach using two few-cycle laser pulses with opposite CEPs, i.e., their CEPs are differed by π ..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 090401 (2018)
Diffraction and Gratings
Effects of mask-alignment error on point spread function for multi-level Fresnel diffractive lenses
Dun Liu, Shibin Wu, Wei Yang, Lihua Wang, Bin Fan, and Fan Wu
The full aperture complex amplitude transmittance function of a multi-level diffraction lens with mask-alignment errors was derived based on scalar diffraction theory. The point spread function (PSF) was calculated by the Kirchhoff diffraction integral. It is found that the radius of the Airy disk increases with the increase of the error in the direction of misalignment, and the image center shifts along the direction of misalignment. A four-level diffractive lens with a diameter of 80 mm was fabricated, and its PSF and diffraction efficiency of +1st order were calculated and measured. The distribution of PSF is consistent with the calculated results, and the tested diffraction efficiency is slightly smaller than the calculated value; the relative error is 5.71%.The full aperture complex amplitude transmittance function of a multi-level diffraction lens with mask-alignment errors was derived based on scalar diffraction theory. The point spread function (PSF) was calculated by the Kirchhoff diffraction integral. It is found that the radius of the Airy disk increases with the increase of the error in the direction of misalignment, and the image center shifts along the direction of misalignment. A four-level diffractive lens with a diameter of 80 mm was fabricated, and its PSF and diffraction efficiency of + 1
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 090501 (2018)
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
An interferometric phase shift fiber Bragg grating sensing system with greatly reduced background phase noise
Lina Ma, Yu Chen, Zhengliang Hu, Jinxing Huang, Jun Wang, and Shiqing Li
We presented an interferometric phase shift fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor, which inherited the advantages of FBG sensors, and, at the same time, the greatly reduced full-width-at-half-maximum bandwidth brought longer coherent length, higher sensitivity, and lower phase noise. Experiments show that at least a 7 dB reduction of phase noise can be achieved compared to FBG sensors interrogated by interferometer with the same optical path difference.We presented an interferometric phase shift fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor, which inherited the advantages of FBG sensors, and, at the same time, the greatly reduced full-width-at-half-maximum bandwidth brought longer coherent length, higher sensitivity, and lower phase noise. Experiments show that at least a 7 dB reduction of phase noise can be achieved compared to FBG sensors interrogated by interferometer with the same optical path difference..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 090601 (2018)
Intensity modulated silver coated glass optical fiber refractive index sensor
Zahra Samavati, Alireza Samavati, A. F. Ismail, Mukhlis A. Rahman, and M. H. D. Othman
Miniature optical fiber sensors with thin films as sensitive elements could open new fields for optical fiber sensor applications. Thin films work as sensitive elements and a transducer to get response and feedback from environments, in which optical fibers act as a signal carrier. A novel Ag coated intensity modulated optical fiber sensor based on refractive index changes using IR and UV-Vis (UV-visible) light sources is proposed. The sensor with an IR light source has higher sensitivity compared to a UV-Vis source. When the refractive index is enhanced to 1.38, the normalized intensity of IR and UV-Vis light diminishes to 0.2 and 0.8, respectively.Miniature optical fiber sensors with thin films as sensitive elements could open new fields for optical fiber sensor applications. Thin films work as sensitive elements and a transducer to get response and feedback from environments, in which optical fibers act as a signal carrier. A novel Ag coated intensity modulated optical fiber sensor based on refractive index changes using IR and UV-Vis (UV-visible) light sources is proposed. The sensor with an IR light source has higher sensitivity compared to a UV-Vis source. When the refractive index is enhanced to 1.38, the normalized intensity of IR and UV-Vis light diminishes to 0.2 and 0.8, respectively..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 090602 (2018)
Broad bandwidth SOA-based multiwavelength laser incorporating a bidirectional Lyot filter
Abdul Hadi Sulaiman, Muhammad Zamzuri Abdul Kadir, Nelidya Md Yusoff, Noran Azizan Cholan, Fairuz Abdullah, Ahmad Fauzi Abas, Mohammed Thamer Alresheedi, and Mohd Adzir Mahdi
We demonstrate a broad bandwidth multiwavelength laser based on a bidirectional Lyot filter and a semiconductor optical amplifier with a mechanism of intensity-dependent loss as the flatness agent. A wide bandwidth of a multiwavelength spectrum of 32.9 nm within a 5 dB uniformity is obtained under optimized polarization parameters. For this case, the number of generated lasing lines is 329 with a fixed wavelength separation of 0.1 nm. The power stability of this multiwavelength laser is less than 1.35 dB within 200 min time frame. This shows that the bidirectional Lyot filter provides an alternative option for multiwavelength generation in laser systems.We demonstrate a broad bandwidth multiwavelength laser based on a bidirectional Lyot filter and a semiconductor optical amplifier with a mechanism of intensity-dependent loss as the flatness agent. A wide bandwidth of a multiwavelength spectrum of 32.9 nm within a 5 dB uniformity is obtained under optimized polarization parameters. For this case, the number of generated lasing lines is 329 with a fixed wavelength separation of 0.1 nm. The power stability of this multiwavelength laser is less than 1.35 dB within 200 min time frame. This shows that the bidirectional Lyot filter provides an alternative option for multiwavelength generation in laser systems..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 090603 (2018)
Comparative study on reduced impacts of Brillouin pump depletion and nonlinear amplification in coded DBA-BOTDA
Kai Lin, Xinhong Jia, Huiliang Ma, Cong Xu, Xuan Zhang, and Lei Ao
The impacts of Brillouin pump depletion and nonlinear amplification in coded long-range Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) based on distributed Brillouin amplification (DBA) were studied. The error of Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) due to Brillouin pump depletion was compared for DBA-BOTDA using non-cyclic and cyclic coding. For non-cyclic coding, significant over- and under-shoots of BFS were found in the range with larger BFS variation, such as hot spot. The impact of Brillouin pump depletion can be reduced considerably by cyclic coding. Furthermore, to compensate the BFS error due to nonlinear amplification, a simple and effective log linearization was proposed and demonstrated.The impacts of Brillouin pump depletion and nonlinear amplification in coded long-range Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) based on distributed Brillouin amplification (DBA) were studied. The error of Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) due to Brillouin pump depletion was compared for DBA-BOTDA using non-cyclic and cyclic coding. For non-cyclic coding, significant over- and under-shoots of BFS were found in the range with larger BFS variation, such as hot spot. The impact of Brillouin pump depletion can be reduced considerably by cyclic coding. Furthermore, to compensate the BFS error due to nonlinear amplification, a simple and effective log linearization was proposed and demonstrated..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 090604 (2018)
Fourier Optics and Signal Processing
Characterizing a liquid crystal spatial light modulator at oblique incidence angles using the self-interference method
Zixin Zhao, Yiying Zhuang, Zhaoxian Xiao, Hangying Zhang, Chen Fan, Hehui Geng, and Hong Zhao
The phase modulation characteristics of a reflective liquid crystal (LC) spatial light modulator (SLM) under oblique incidence are studied by using our proposed self-interference method. The experimental setup of the method is very simple and has good robustness to mechanical vibrations. By changing the gray value of the combined grayscale loaded on the LC-SLM, different sheared fringe patterns, generated by the interference between the constant phase-modulated beam and the +1-order diffracted beam of the blazed grating, can be obtained. The amount of phase modulation of the LC-SLM is obtained by subtracting the phase of the two side lobes in the frequency domain. By turning the turntable where the SLM is mounted, the phase modulation characteristics at different incident angles can be measured. The experimental results show that the phase modulation curves do not change significantly with the small angle. When the angle is large (i.e. larger than 10°), the phase modulation curves become different, especially for the high gray levels. With the increase of the incident angle, the phase modulation depth is reduced. The results indicate that the incident angle plays an important role in the performance of the phase modulation of an LC-SLM.The phase modulation characteristics of a reflective liquid crystal (LC) spatial light modulator (SLM) under oblique incidence are studied by using our proposed self-interference method. The experimental setup of the method is very simple and has good robustness to mechanical vibrations. By changing the gray value of the combined grayscale loaded on the LC-SLM, different sheared fringe patterns, generated by the interference between the constant phase-modulated beam and the +1-order diffracted beam of the blazed grating, can be obtained. The amount of phase modulation of the LC-SLM is obtained by subtracting the phase of the two side lobes in the frequency domain. By turning the turntable where the SLM is mounted, the phase modulation characteristics at different incident angles can be measured. The experimental results show that the phase modulation curves do not change significantly with the small angle. When the angle is large (i.e. larger than 10°), the phase modulation curves become different, especially for the high gray levels. With the increase of the incident angle, the phase modulation depth is reduced. The results indicate that the incident angle plays an important role in the performance of the phase modulation of an LC-SLM..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 090701 (2018)
Image processing
On-line beam diagnostics based on single-shot beam splitting phase retrieval
Xi He, Cheng Liu, and Jianqiang Zhu
We propose a novel on-line beam diagnostic method based on single-shot beam splitting phase retrieval. The incident beam to be measured is diffracted into many replicas by a Dammann grating and then propagates through a weakly scattering phase plate with a known structure; the exiting beams propagate along their original direction and form an array of diffraction patterns on the detector plane. By applying the intensity of diffraction patterns into an iterative algorithm and calculating between the grating plane, weakly scattering plane, and detector plane, the complex field of the incident beam can be reconstructed rapidly; the feasibility of this method is verified experimentally with wavelengths of 1053 and 632.8 nm.We propose a novel on-line beam diagnostic method based on single-shot beam splitting phase retrieval. The incident beam to be measured is diffracted into many replicas by a Dammann grating and then propagates through a weakly scattering phase plate with a known structure; the exiting beams propagate along their original direction and form an array of diffraction patterns on the detector plane. By applying the intensity of diffraction patterns into an iterative algorithm and calculating between the grating plane, weakly scattering plane, and detector plane, the complex field of the incident beam can be reconstructed rapidly; the feasibility of this method is verified experimentally with wavelengths of 1053 and 632.8 nm..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 091001 (2018)
Integrated Optics
A pair of integrated optoelectronic transceiving chips for optical interconnects
Kai Liu, Huize Fan, Yongqing Huang, Xiaofeng Duan, Qi Wang, Xiaomin Ren, Qi Wei, and Shiwei Cai
In this Letter, a pair of integrated optoelectronic transceiving chips is proposed. They are constructed by integrating a vertical cavity surface emitting laser unit above a positive-intrinsic-negative photodetector unit. One of the transceiving chips emits light at the wavelength of 848.1 nm with a threshold current of 0.8 mA and a slope efficiency of 0.81 W/A. It receives light between 801 and 814 nm with a quantum efficiency of higher than 70%. On its counterpart, the other one of the transceiving chips emits light at the wavelength of 805.3 nm with a threshold current of 1.1 mA and a slope efficiency of 0.86 W/A. It receives light between 838 and 855 nm with a quantum efficiency of higher than 70%. The proposed pair of integrated optoelectronic transceiving chips can work full-duplex with each other, and they can be applied to single fiber bidirectional optical interconnects.In this Letter, a pair of integrated optoelectronic transceiving chips is proposed. They are constructed by integrating a vertical cavity surface emitting laser unit above a positive-intrinsic-negative photodetector unit. One of the transceiving chips emits light at the wavelength of 848.1 nm with a threshold current of 0.8 mA and a slope efficiency of 0.81 W/A. It receives light between 801 and 814 nm with a quantum efficiency of higher than 70%. On its counterpart, the other one of the transceiving chips emits light at the wavelength of 805.3 nm with a threshold current of 1.1 mA and a slope efficiency of 0.86 W/A. It receives light between 838 and 855 nm with a quantum efficiency of higher than 70%. The proposed pair of integrated optoelectronic transceiving chips can work full-duplex with each other, and they can be applied to single fiber bidirectional optical interconnects..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 091301 (2018)
Lasers and Laser Optics
Transmission of 20 Gb/s PAM-4 signal over 20 km optical fiber using a directly modulated tunable DBR laser
Daibing Zhou, Dan Lu, Song Liang, Lingjuan Zhao, and Wei Wang
We report 20 Gb/s transmission of four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signal using a directly modulated tunable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser. Transmission distance over 20 km was achieved without using optical amplifiers and optical dispersion compensation modules. A wavelength tuning range of 11.5 nm and a 3 dB bandwidth greater than 10 GHz over the entire wavelength tuning range were obtained.We report 20 Gb/s transmission of four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signal using a directly modulated tunable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser. Transmission distance over 20 km was achieved without using optical amplifiers and optical dispersion compensation modules. A wavelength tuning range of 11.5 nm and a 3 dB bandwidth greater than 10 GHz over the entire wavelength tuning range were obtained..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 091401 (2018)
Ablation effects and mechanism of sintered silicon carbide ceramics by an ArF excimer laser
Xin Guo, Jinbin Ding, Yi Zhou, and Yu Wang
The ablation of sintered silicon carbide ceramics by an ArF excimer laser was studied. Three zones are generated: the ablation zone that presented molten morphology and was composed by the Si and C phase; the condensation zone formed by vaporized SiC; and the oxidation zone that showed the characteristics of thermal oxidation. The ablation depth and oxidation range increase linearly with fluence and pulses within 0.5–4 J/cm2, but the normalized ablation efficiency is constant (3.60 ± 0.60 μm·mm2/J). The theoretical photochemical ablation depth supplies 25% of the total depth at 1 J/cm2 but decreases to 16% at 4 J/cm2. The ablation is dominated by the photothermal effect and conforms to the thermal evaporation mechanism.The ablation of sintered silicon carbide ceramics by an ArF excimer laser was studied. Three zones are generated: the ablation zone that presented molten morphology and was composed by the Si and C phase; the condensation zone formed by vaporized SiC; and the oxidation zone that showed the characteristics of thermal oxidation. The ablation depth and oxidation range increase linearly with fluence and pulses within 0.5–4 J/cm2, but the normalized ablation efficiency is constant (3.60 ± 0.60 μm·mm2/J). The theoretical photochemical ablation depth supplies 25% of the total depth at 1 J/cm2 but decreases to 16% at 4 J/cm2. The ablation is dominated by the photothermal effect and conforms to the thermal evaporation mechanism..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 091402 (2018)
Nonlinear Optics
Mechanisms and absolute quantum yield of upconversion luminescence of fluoride phosphors
A. A. Lyapin, S. V. Gushchin, A. S. Ermakov, S. V. Kuznetsov, P. A. Ryabochkina, V. Yu. Proydakova, V. V. Voronov, P. P. Fedorov, and M. V. Chernov
Mechanisms of upconversion luminescence (UCL) of SrF2:Er phosphors corresponding to the G411/2→I415/2, H29/2→I415/2, F45/2→I415/2, F47/2→I415/2, H211/2→I4<Mechanisms of upconversion luminescence (UCL) of SrF 2 : Er G 4 11 / 2 → I 4 15 / 2 H 2 9 / 2 → I 4 15 / 2 F 4 5 / 2 → I 4 15 / 2 F 4 7 / 2 → I 4 15 / 2 H 2 11 / 2 → I 4 <.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 091901 (2018)
Physical Optics
Flexible and high-efficiency generation of arbitrary vector vortex beams on hybrid-order Poincaré sphere
Hao Zhang, Lei Yao, Yuyan Pang, and Jun Xia
We propose theoretically and verify experimentally a compact optical configuration to directly generate arbitrary vector vortex beams on a hybrid-order Poincaré sphere with good flexibility and high efficiency based on a reflective phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM). The conversion system, consisting of an LC-SLM and a quarter-wave plate, can be considered a flexible dielectric metasurface to simultaneously modulate inhomogeneous polarization and helical phase-front. This approach has some advantages, including a simple experimental setup, good flexibility, and high efficiency. Orthogonally polarized modes alignment and an explicit superposition existing in the conventional method are not necessary in the proposed method, which exhibits potential applications in many advanced domains.We propose theoretically and verify experimentally a compact optical configuration to directly generate arbitrary vector vortex beams on a hybrid-order Poincaré sphere with good flexibility and high efficiency based on a reflective phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM). The conversion system, consisting of an LC-SLM and a quarter-wave plate, can be considered a flexible dielectric metasurface to simultaneously modulate inhomogeneous polarization and helical phase-front. This approach has some advantages, including a simple experimental setup, good flexibility, and high efficiency. Orthogonally polarized modes alignment and an explicit superposition existing in the conventional method are not necessary in the proposed method, which exhibits potential applications in many advanced domains..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 092601 (2018)
Quantum optics
Improving the resolution in quantum and classical temporal imaging | Editors' Pick
Junheng Shi, Giuseppe Patera, Youzhen Gui, Mikhail I. Kolobov, Dmitri B. Horoshko, and Shensheng Han
The point-spread function of an optical system determines its optical resolution for both spatial and temporal imaging. For spatial imaging, it is given by a Fourier transform of the pupil function of the system. For temporal imaging based on nonlinear optical processes, such as sum-frequency generation or four-wave mixing, the point-spread function is related to the waveform of the pump wave by a nonlinear transformation. We compare the point-spread functions of three temporal imaging schemes: sum-frequency generation, co-propagating four-wave mixing, and counter-propagating four-wave mixing, and demonstrate that the last scheme provides the best temporal resolution. Our results are valid for both quantum and classical temporal imaging.The point-spread function of an optical system determines its optical resolution for both spatial and temporal imaging. For spatial imaging, it is given by a Fourier transform of the pupil function of the system. For temporal imaging based on nonlinear optical processes, such as sum-frequency generation or four-wave mixing, the point-spread function is related to the waveform of the pump wave by a nonlinear transformation. We compare the point-spread functions of three temporal imaging schemes: sum-frequency generation, co-propagating four-wave mixing, and counter-propagating four-wave mixing, and demonstrate that the last scheme provides the best temporal resolution. Our results are valid for both quantum and classical temporal imaging..
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 092701 (2018)
Vision, Color, and Visual Optics
Design of double-zone aspheric diffractive intraocular lens with extended depth of focus | On the Cover
Yayan Bian, Yongji Liu, and Lai Jiang
A double-zone aspheric diffractive intraocular lens (IOL) was designed and manufactured aiming to regain a continuous range of clear vision for pseudophakic presbyopia. After obtaining the IOL structure parameters through optimization based on an aphakic model eye, its imaging performances were analyzed in the model eye. The modulation transfer function at 50 cycles/mm remained above 0.29 within ±5° field of view for object distance ranging from 6 to 0.66 m. In addition, the imaging qualities are robust for pupil changes, polychromatic light, and different corneal asphericities. The manufactured IOL exhibits the ability to extend depth of focus.A double-zone aspheric diffractive intraocular lens (IOL) was designed and manufactured aiming to regain a continuous range of clear vision for pseudophakic presbyopia. After obtaining the IOL structure parameters through optimization based on an aphakic model eye, its imaging performances were analyzed in the model eye. The modulation transfer function at 50 cycles / mm ± 5 °
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Sep. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 9, 093301 (2018)
About the Cover
Design methods of intraocular lens with extended depth of focus for pseudophakic presbyopia.
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