- Special Issue
- Photonics based on 2D noncarbon materials
- 20 Article (s)
Editorial for special issue on photonics based on two-dimensional noncarbon materials
Han Zhang, Haibo Zeng, and Qiaoliang Bao
Scientists are in the constant search of novel materials, or innovative applications of existing materials to solve problems we face in our everyday life. Although graphene, the two-dimensional (2D) form of carbon, has been a star player for the past decade, there is a significant shift towards other noncarbon materials in recent years. Apart from the large family of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), mono-elemental materials, such as phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, and silicene, are rapidly gaining attention. Composites and heterogenous layered structures are also worthy of interest. Scientists are in the constant search of novel materials, or innovative applications of existing materials to solve problems we face in our everyday life. Although graphene, the two-dimensional (2D) form of carbon, has been a star player for the past decade, there is a significant shift towards other noncarbon materials in recent years. Apart from the large family of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), mono-elemental materials, such as phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, and silicene, are rapidly gaining attention. Composites and heterogenous layered structures are also worthy of interest.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Feb. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 2, 020001 (2018)
Highly responsive broadband black phosphorus photodetectors
Yan Liu, Tian Sun, Weiliang Ma, Wenzhi Yu, Shivananju B. Nanjunda, Shaojuan Li, and Qiaoliang Bao
Black phosphorus (BP) is a promising material for ultrafast and broadband photodetection because of its narrow bandgap from 0.35 eV (bulk) to 1.8 eV (monolayer) and high carrier mobility. Although photodetectors based on BP with different configurations have been reported, high photosensitivity was mostly observed in the visible range. A highly efficient BP-based infrared photodetector operated in the telecom spectral range, especially at 1550 nm, has not been demonstrated. Here, we report a Schottky-type photodetector based on thin BP flakes, operating in a broad spectral range from visible (635 nm) to infrared (1550 nm). A responsivity as high as 230 A·W 1 was achieved at 1550 nm with a source-drain bias of 1 V. The rise time is 4.8 ms, and the fall time is 6.8 ms. Under light illumination and external bias, the Schottky barrier between the BP and metal was reduced, leading to efficient photocurrent extraction. The unprecedented performance of the BP photodetector indicates intriguing potential for sensing, imaging, and optical communication. Black phosphorus (BP) is a promising material for ultrafast and broadband photodetection because of its narrow bandgap from 0.35 eV (bulk) to 1.8 eV (monolayer) and high carrier mobility. Although photodetectors based on BP with different configurations have been reported, high photosensitivity was mostly observed in the visible range. A highly efficient BP-based infrared photodetector operated in the telecom spectral range, especially at 1550 nm, has not been demonstrated. Here, we report a Schottky-type photodetector based on thin BP flakes, operating in a broad spectral range from visible (635 nm) to infrared (1550 nm). A responsivity as high as 230 A·W 1 was achieved at 1550 nm with a source-drain bias of 1 V. The rise time is 4.8 ms, and the fall time is 6.8 ms. Under light illumination and external bias, the Schottky barrier between the BP and metal was reduced, leading to efficient photocurrent extraction. The unprecedented performance of the BP photodetector indicates intriguing potential for sensing, imaging, and optical communication.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Feb. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 2, 020002 (2018)
All-optical modulator based on MoS2-PVA thin film
Yifang Wang, Kan Wu, and Jianping Chen
The all-optical approach plays an important role in ultrafast all-optical signal processing, and the all-fiber scheme has a wide application in optical communications. In this letter, we investigate an all-optical modulator using few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) thin films based on the thermo-optic effect and obtain a long-time stable modulated output by applying polarization interference. By absorbing the injected 980 nm pump (control light), MoS2 generates heat, changes the refractive index of MoS2, and modulates the polarization of light. The obtained thermal all-optical modulator has a rise time of 526 μs. The all-optical approach plays an important role in ultrafast all-optical signal processing, and the all-fiber scheme has a wide application in optical communications. In this letter, we investigate an all-optical modulator using few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) thin films based on the thermo-optic effect and obtain a long-time stable modulated output by applying polarization interference. By absorbing the injected 980 nm pump (control light), MoS2 generates heat, changes the refractive index of MoS2, and modulates the polarization of light. The obtained thermal all-optical modulator has a rise time of 526 μs.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Feb. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 2, 020003 (2018)
2D noncarbon materials-based nonlinear optical devices for ultrafast photonics [Invited]
Bo Guo
Ultrafast lasers play an important role in a variety of applications ranging from optical communications to medical diagnostics and industrial materials processing. Graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) noncarbon materials, including topological insulators (TIs), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), phosphorene, bismuthene, and antimonene, have witnessed a very fast development of both fundamental and practical aspects in ultrafast photonics since 2009. Their unique nonlinear optical properties enable them to be used as excellent saturable absorbers (SAs) that have fast responses and broadband operation, and can be easily integrated into lasers. Here, we catalog and review recent progress in the exploitation of these 2D noncarbon materials in this emerging field. The fabrication techniques, nonlinear optical properties, and device integration strategies of 2D noncarbon materials are first introduced with a comprehensive view. Then, various mode-locked/Q-switched lasers (e.g., fiber, solid-state, disk, and waveguide lasers) based on 2D noncarbon materials are reviewed. In addition, versatile soliton pulses generated from the mode-locked fiber lasers based on 2D noncarbon materials are also summarized. Finally, future challenges and perspectives of 2D materials-based lasers are addressed. Ultrafast lasers play an important role in a variety of applications ranging from optical communications to medical diagnostics and industrial materials processing. Graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) noncarbon materials, including topological insulators (TIs), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), phosphorene, bismuthene, and antimonene, have witnessed a very fast development of both fundamental and practical aspects in ultrafast photonics since 2009. Their unique nonlinear optical properties enable them to be used as excellent saturable absorbers (SAs) that have fast responses and broadband operation, and can be easily integrated into lasers. Here, we catalog and review recent progress in the exploitation of these 2D noncarbon materials in this emerging field. The fabrication techniques, nonlinear optical properties, and device integration strategies of 2D noncarbon materials are first introduced with a comprehensive view. Then, various mode-locked/Q-switched lasers (e.g., fiber, solid-state, disk, and waveguide lasers) based on 2D noncarbon materials are reviewed. In addition, versatile soliton pulses generated from the mode-locked fiber lasers based on 2D noncarbon materials are also summarized. Finally, future challenges and perspectives of 2D materials-based lasers are addressed.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Feb. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 2, 020004 (2018)
Passively Q-switched green laser operation using CdTe/CdS quantum dots (Invited Paper)
Xigun Yan, Saiyu Luo, Bin Xu, Huiying Xu, Zhiping Cai, Jingzhou Li, Hongxing Dong, Long Zhang, and Zhengqian Luo
The direct generation of passively Q-switched lasers at a green wavelength has rarely been investigated in the past. In this Letter, we demonstrate a passively Q-switched praseodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride green laser at 522 nm using CdTe/CdS quantum dots as a saturable absorber. A maximum average output power of 33.6 mW is achieved with the shortest pulse width of 840 ns. The corresponding pulse energy and peak power reached 0.18 μJ and 0.21 W, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration in regard to a quantum dots saturable absorber operating in the green spectral region. The direct generation of passively Q-switched lasers at a green wavelength has rarely been investigated in the past. In this Letter, we demonstrate a passively Q-switched praseodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride green laser at 522 nm using CdTe/CdS quantum dots as a saturable absorber. A maximum average output power of 33.6 mW is achieved with the shortest pulse width of 840 ns. The corresponding pulse energy and peak power reached 0.18 μJ and 0.21 W, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration in regard to a quantum dots saturable absorber operating in the green spectral region.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Feb. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 2, 020005 (2018)
Layer-number determination of two-dimensional materials by optical characterization
You Zheng, Changyong Lan, Zhifei Zhou, Xiaoying Hu, Tianying He, and Chun Li
Initiated by graphene, two-dimensional (2D) layered materials have attracted much attention owing to their novel layer-number-dependent physical and chemical properties. To fully utilize those properties, a fast and accurate determination of their layer number is the priority. Compared with conventional structural characterization tools, including atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, the optical characterization methods such as optical contrast, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, multiphoton imaging, and hyperspectral imaging have the distinctive advantages of a high-throughput and nondestructive examination. Here, taking the most studied 2D materials like graphene, MoS2, and black phosphorus as examples, we summarize the principles and applications of those optical characterization methods. The comparison of those methods may help us to select proper ones in a cost-effective way. Initiated by graphene, two-dimensional (2D) layered materials have attracted much attention owing to their novel layer-number-dependent physical and chemical properties. To fully utilize those properties, a fast and accurate determination of their layer number is the priority. Compared with conventional structural characterization tools, including atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, the optical characterization methods such as optical contrast, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, multiphoton imaging, and hyperspectral imaging have the distinctive advantages of a high-throughput and nondestructive examination. Here, taking the most studied 2D materials like graphene, MoS2, and black phosphorus as examples, we summarize the principles and applications of those optical characterization methods. The comparison of those methods may help us to select proper ones in a cost-effective way.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Feb. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 2, 020006 (2018)
High-power MoTe2-based passively Q -switched erbium-doped fiber laser
Mengli Liu, Wenjun Liu, Peiguang Yan, Shaobo Fang, Hao Teng, and Zhiyi Wei
Materials in the transition metal dichalcogenide family, including WS2, MoS2, WSe2, and MoSe2, etc., have captured a substantial amount of attention due to their remarkable nonlinearities and optoelectronic properties. Compared with WS2 and MoS2, the monolayered MoTe2 owns a smaller direct bandgap of 1.1 eV. It is beneficial for the applications in broadband absorption. In this letter, using the magnetron sputtering technique, MoTe2 is deposited on the surface of the tapered fiber to be assembled into the saturable absorber. We first implement the MoTe2-based Q-switched fiber laser operating at the wavelength of 1559 nm. The minimum pulse duration and signal-to-noise ratio are 677 ns and 63 dB, respectively. Moreover, the output power of 25 mW is impressive compared with previous work. We believe that MoTe2 is a promising 2D material for ultrafast photonic devices in the high-power Q-switched fiber lasers. Materials in the transition metal dichalcogenide family, including WS2, MoS2, WSe2, and MoSe2, etc., have captured a substantial amount of attention due to their remarkable nonlinearities and optoelectronic properties. Compared with WS2 and MoS2, the monolayered MoTe2 owns a smaller direct bandgap of 1.1 eV. It is beneficial for the applications in broadband absorption. In this letter, using the magnetron sputtering technique, MoTe2 is deposited on the surface of the tapered fiber to be assembled into the saturable absorber. We first implement the MoTe2-based Q-switched fiber laser operating at the wavelength of 1559 nm. The minimum pulse duration and signal-to-noise ratio are 677 ns and 63 dB, respectively. Moreover, the output power of 25 mW is impressive compared with previous work. We believe that MoTe2 is a promising 2D material for ultrafast photonic devices in the high-power Q-switched fiber lasers.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Feb. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 2, 020007 (2018)
Coexistence of bound soliton and harmonic mode-locking soliton in an ultrafast fiber laser based on MoS2-deposited microfiber photonic device
Meng Liu, Aiping Luo, Wencheng Xu, and Zhichao Luo
As the typical material of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), few-layered MoS2 possesses broadband saturable absorption and a large nonlinear refractive index, which could be regarded as a promising candidate for dual-function photonic device fabrication. In this work, the coexistence of a bound soliton and harmonic mode-locking soliton was demonstrated in an ultrafast fiber laser based on a MoS2-deposited microfiber photonic device. Through a band-pass filter, each multi-soliton state was investigated separately. The bound soliton has periodic spectral modulation of 1.55 nm with a corresponding pulse separation of 5.16 ps. The harmonic mode-locking soliton has the repetition rate of 479 MHz, corresponding to the 65th harmonic of the fundamental repetition rate. The results indicated that there exist more possibilities of different multi-soliton composites, which would enhance our understanding of multi-soliton dynamics. As the typical material of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), few-layered MoS2 possesses broadband saturable absorption and a large nonlinear refractive index, which could be regarded as a promising candidate for dual-function photonic device fabrication. In this work, the coexistence of a bound soliton and harmonic mode-locking soliton was demonstrated in an ultrafast fiber laser based on a MoS2-deposited microfiber photonic device. Through a band-pass filter, each multi-soliton state was investigated separately. The bound soliton has periodic spectral modulation of 1.55 nm with a corresponding pulse separation of 5.16 ps. The harmonic mode-locking soliton has the repetition rate of 479 MHz, corresponding to the 65th harmonic of the fundamental repetition rate. The results indicated that there exist more possibilities of different multi-soliton composites, which would enhance our understanding of multi-soliton dynamics.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Feb. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 2, 020008 (2018)
Passive Q -switching in an erbium-doped fiber laser using tungsten sulphoselenide as a saturable absorber
H. Ahmad, Z. C. Tiu, and S. I. Ooi
A highly stable Q-switched laser incorporating a mechanically exfoliated tungsten sulphoselenide (WSSe) thin sheet saturable absorber (SA) is proposed and demonstrated. The SA assembly, formed by sandwiching a thin WSSe sheet between two fiber ferrules within the erbium-doped fiber laser, is used to effectively modulate the laser cavity losses. The WSSe-based SA has a saturation intensity of ～0.006 MW/cm2 and a modulation depth of 7.8%, giving an optimum Q-switched laser output with a maximum repetition rate of 61.81 kHz and a minimum pulse width of 2.6 μs. The laser’s highest output power of 0.45 mW and highest pulse energy of 7.31 nJ are achieved at the maximum pump power of 280.5 mW. The tunability of the cavity’s output at the maximum pump power is analyzed with a C-band tunable bandpass filter, giving a broad tunable range of ～40 nm, from 1530 nm to 1570 nm. The output performance of the tunable Q-switched laser correlates well with the gain spectrum of erbium-doped fibers, with the shift in the gain profile as a result of the saturated SA. A highly stable Q-switched laser incorporating a mechanically exfoliated tungsten sulphoselenide (WSSe) thin sheet saturable absorber (SA) is proposed and demonstrated. The SA assembly, formed by sandwiching a thin WSSe sheet between two fiber ferrules within the erbium-doped fiber laser, is used to effectively modulate the laser cavity losses. The WSSe-based SA has a saturation intensity of ～0.006 MW/cm2 and a modulation depth of 7.8%, giving an optimum Q-switched laser output with a maximum repetition rate of 61.81 kHz and a minimum pulse width of 2.6 μs. The laser’s highest output power of 0.45 mW and highest pulse energy of 7.31 nJ are achieved at the maximum pump power of 280.5 mW. The tunability of the cavity’s output at the maximum pump power is analyzed with a C-band tunable bandpass filter, giving a broad tunable range of ～40 nm, from 1530 nm to 1570 nm. The output performance of the tunable Q-switched laser correlates well with the gain spectrum of erbium-doped fibers, with the shift in the gain profile as a result of the saturated SA.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Feb. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 2, 020009 (2018)
High-power all-fiber 1.0/1.5 μm dual-band pulsed MOPA source
Xiaogang Ge, Jun Yu, Weiqi Liu, Shuangchen Ruan, Chunyu Guo, Yewang Chen, Peiguang Yan, and Ping Hua
The simultaneous dual-band pulsed amplification is demonstrated from an Er/Yb co-doped fiber (EYDF), and consequently a high-power all-fiber single-mode 1.0/1.5 μm dual-band pulsed master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) laser source is realized for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, based on one singlegain fiber. The simultaneous outputs at 1061 and 1548 nm of the laser source have the maximum powers of 10.7 and 25.8 W with the pulse widths of 9.5 ps and 2 ns and the pulse repetition rates of 178 and 25 MHz, respectively. This EYDF MOPA laser source is seeded by two separate preamplifier chains operating at 1.0 and 1.5 μm wavebands. The dependence of the laser output powers on the length of the large-mode area EYDF, the ratio of the powers of the two signals launched into the booster amplifier, and the wavelength of the 1 μm seed signal are also investigated experimentally. The simultaneous dual-band pulsed amplification is demonstrated from an Er/Yb co-doped fiber (EYDF), and consequently a high-power all-fiber single-mode 1.0/1.5 μm dual-band pulsed master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) laser source is realized for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, based on one singlegain fiber. The simultaneous outputs at 1061 and 1548 nm of the laser source have the maximum powers of 10.7 and 25.8 W with the pulse widths of 9.5 ps and 2 ns and the pulse repetition rates of 178 and 25 MHz, respectively. This EYDF MOPA laser source is seeded by two separate preamplifier chains operating at 1.0 and 1.5 μm wavebands. The dependence of the laser output powers on the length of the large-mode area EYDF, the ratio of the powers of the two signals launched into the booster amplifier, and the wavelength of the 1 μm seed signal are also investigated experimentally.
Chinese Optics Letters
- Publication Date: Feb. 10, 2018
- Vol. 16, Issue 2, 020010 (2018)
Two-dimensional (2D) noncarbon materials with outstanding optical properties are catching worldwide attentions on the heels of the discovery of graphene. Besides the large 2D family of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), a series of new kind of mono-elemental 2D noncarbon materials, such as phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene and silicene, were recently emerging. The mentioned mono-elemental 2D materials shows unique properties like light emitting, non-linear optics, ultrafast optics, bio-related photonics and etc. The potential applications of these materials are in laser, ultrafast phtonics, biophotonics, optical modulation and optical devices. The scope of this special focus, covers all aspects of experimental research related to 2D noncarbon materials beyond graphene for optics, photonics and optoelectronics.
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