In this paper, in order to ascertain the effects and influence laws of some factors on the photoacoustic detection of blood glucose, we firstly established a set of a blood glucose photoacoustic measurement system based on the optical parameters oscillators (OPO) pulsed laser induced ultrasonic detection in the lateral mode. In this system, the wavelength tunable pulsed laser was used as the excitation source of photoacoustic signals of blood glucose, and the ultrasonic transducer with high sensitivity was used to capture the photoacoustic signals of blood glucose. Moreover, the lateral detection mode was built because the irradiation direction of pulsed laser was perpendicular to the detection direction of ultrasonic transducer, which greatly overcame the interference of irradiation light directly penetrated the test solutions into the surface of ultrasonic transducer for the photoacoustic signals of samples. In addition, in the system, the effects of several factors on the photoacoustic detection of blood glucose were combined from the viewpoint of structural design. Then, the glucose solutions with different concentrations were used as the test samples. The effects of several factors (excitation wavelength, laser output energy, detection frequency and temperature) on the photoacoustic detection of glucose and concentration prediction were experimentally investigated. Besides, the time-resolved photoacoustic signals and photoacoustic peak-to-peak values of glucose with different concentrations under the different influence factors were experimentally obtained. At the same time, in order to know the influence laws of factors on the photoacoustic values and concentration prediction of glucose, the linear fitting algorithm was used to establish the models between the photoacoustic peak-to-peak values and the factors, as well as the prediction models between the photoacoustic peak-to-peak values and the concentration gradients of glucose. In experiments, the captured time-resolved photoacoustic signals of glucose were all averaged in 512 times, which effectively overcame the interference of noises to the photoacoustic signals of glucose, and improved the accuracy and effectivity of experimental data. Experimental results and the prediction results of models showed that compared with the wavelengths at 1 200 and 1 300 nm, the prediction model’s effect between the photoacoustic peak-to-peak values and the concentration of glucose at the wavelength of 1 064 nm was the best because its correlation coefficient of model was 0.986, which demonstrated that the glucose molecular had good absorption at characteristic wavelength of 1 064 nm. The photoacoustic peak-to-peak values of glucose linearly increased with the laser output energy, and the concentration prediction accuracy of glucose improved with the increase of the laser output energy. According to different concentration prediction results obtained by the ultrasonic transducers with different detection frequencies, compared with the ultrasonic transducers with frequency of 2.5 and 10 MHz, the photoacoustic detection effect of the glucose was the best for the ultrasonic transducer with frequency of 1 MHz. Finally, it was experimentally found that the photoacoustic peak-to-peak values of glucose linearly increased with the increasing of the temperatures and the concentrations. Especially, the concentration prediction error of glucose gradually increased with the increase of temperature.