• High Power Laser Science and Engineering
  • Vol. 8, Issue 4, 04000e35 (2020)
Huijun He1、2, Jun Yu1, Wentao Zhu1, Xiaoyang Guo1、*, Cangtao Zhou1、*, and Shuangchen Ruan1、2、*
Author Affiliations
  • 1Center for Advanced Material Diagnostic Technology, and College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen518118, China
  • 2College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
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    DOI: 10.1017/hpl.2020.26 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Huijun He, Jun Yu, Wentao Zhu, Xiaoyang Guo, Cangtao Zhou, Shuangchen Ruan. A Yb:KGW dual-crystal regenerative amplifier[J]. High Power Laser Science and Engineering, 2020, 8(4): 04000e35 Copy Citation Text show less

    Abstract

    This study develops a Yb:KGW dual-crystal based regenerative amplifier. The thermal lensing and gain-narrowing effects are compensated by the dual-crystal configuration. Sub-nanojoule pulses are amplified to 1.5 mJ with 9 nm spectral bandwidth and 1 kHz repetition rate using chirped pulse amplification technology. Consequently, 1.2 mJ pulses with a pulse duration of 227 fs are obtained after compression. Thanks to the cavity design, the output laser was a near diffraction limited beam with M2 around 1.1. The amplifier has the potential to boost energy above 2 mJ after compression and act as a front end for a future kilohertz terawatt-class diode-pumped Yb:KGW laser system.

    1 Introduction

    Ultra-intense, ultrafast lasers[1] are widely used in strong field physics, such as laser wakefield acceleration[2,3], high harmonic generation[4,5] and terahertz radiation[6]. These lasers are currently generated from a Ti:sapphire-based chirped pulse amplification (CPA) system[79] or nonlinear crystal-based optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) system[1012]. Due to the short storage time, Ti:sapphire is typically pumped by frequency-doubled Nd:YAG or Nd:glass solid-state lasers, which results in a bulky and complicated system with high cost. Compared with conventional CPA laser systems, the OPCPA system can obtain a shorter pulse duration and a higher peak power. Its pump laser needs a short pulse duration, a low time jitter, and smooth temporal and spatial distributions because of the intrinsic instantaneous process. Thus, the OPCPA system is more complicated and expensive.

    Ytterbium (Yb)-doped solid-state lasers have attracted attention in the last two decades. The Yb-ion has a long storage time, which is suitable for adopting a diode laser as a pump. Ytterbium-doped lasers have been developed to exhibit high pulse energy and power[1326]. This kind of laser system can be used for table-top X-ray generation[27].

    The Petawatt Optical Laser Amplifier for Radiation Intensive Experiments (POLARIS) project based on the Yb:glass amplifier, which aimed to achieve a petawatt peak power output with a sub-hertz repetition rate, was started in 1999, and has demonstrated 54 J pulse energy[1315]. Meanwhile, the Petawatt Energy Efficient Laser for Optical Plasma Experiments (PENELOPE) project with designed parameters of 150 J/150 fs/1 PW/1 Hz based on the Yb:CaF2 crystal amplifier is under development[16]. Based on the Yb:YAG crystal, 1 J pulses with a pulse duration of 5 ps at 0.5 kHz were realized using a cryogenic Yb:YAG active mirror amplifier[17]. Moreover, 200 mJ 1.1 ps 5 kHz pulses were obtained using thin-disk laser technology[18]. Using Yb:KYW, a pulse energy up to 27 mJ at 100 Hz was realized with a pulse duration of 560 fs[19]. A pulse duration down to 182 fs was obtained with an output power of 8.7 W at 500 kHz[20]. Working at 1 kHz, 4.7 mJ pulses were obtained with a sub-picosecond pulse duration[21]. Based on the Yb:KGW crystal, a 10 mJ-level pulse energy was achieved at 10 Hz[22]. In addition, 21 μJ, 270 fs 60 kHz pulses were realized by a hybrid Yb:KGW regenerative amplifier[23].

    Conceptual design of the kilohertz ultra-intense ultra-short Yb:KGW-based CPA system.

    Figure 1.Conceptual design of the kilohertz ultra-intense ultra-short Yb:KGW-based CPA system.

    We developed a diode-pumped Yb:KGW regenerative amplifier as the front end of the kilohertz terawatt laser system. Broad bandwidth pulses were obtained by applying dual crystals with different orientations of their optical axes[21,30]. The cavity mode diameter was enlarged to 500 μm to achieve a high energy. The cavity parameters are specially designed to compensate the thermal lensing and preserve good beam quality. Finally, we experimentally obtained 1 kHz, 1.2 mJ pulses with a 9 nm bandwidth based on these considerations. A pulse duration of 227 fs was realized with preliminary compression. The laser fluence on the Yb:KGW crystal was no more than 0.8 J/cm2, which was far below the damage threshold. Once the cavity laser energy was over 1.5 mJ, however, the dichroic mirror was damaged because of low performance. We believe that we can further boost the pulse energy to over 2 mJ with new higher-quality dichroic mirrors and by further stretching the chirped pulse duration.

    2 System design

    Laser system design. HW: half-wave plate; QW: quarter-wave plate; FR: Faraday rotator; TFP: thin-film polarizer; PC: Pockels cell; M1, M2, M6 and M7: cavity mirrors; M3 and M4: dichroic mirrors.

    Figure 2.Laser system design. HW: half-wave plate; QW: quarter-wave plate; FR: Faraday rotator; TFP: thin-film polarizer; PC: Pockels cell; M1, M2, M6 and M7: cavity mirrors; M3 and M4: dichroic mirrors.

    2.1 Gain-narrowing effect compensation

    The Yb:KGW laser system has a quasi-three-level behavior. The net gain of the Yb:KGW crystal was not high: several tens of roundtrips were needed to amplify the nanojoule seed to a millijoule level. Thus, the gain-narrowing effect was inevitable in Yb:KGW regenerative amplifiers.

    Several methods have been adopted to solve this problem. An acousto-optical programmable dispersive filter can be utilized to modulate the seed’s spectrum to suppress the gain-narrowing effect[31], but it would add much more cost to this component. The intra-cavity spectral gain curve could be modulated by inserting an etalon that reduces the actual gain at the wavelength with the maximum gain factor[32,33]. Etalon insertion would lead to additional loss, however, time-to-time optimization would introduce the risk of component damage and instability to the system. A nonlinear regenerative amplifier could directly deliver pulses with a duration as low as 97 fs and a spectral bandwidth of 19 nm[34,35], whereas the intra-cavity nonlinearity could result in system instability. One simple and robust method of solving this problem is by adopting a dual-crystal cavity design[21,30,36]. This method was based on the fact that the spectral emission cross-section curves differ from each other when laser polarization is paralleled to the different optical axis of Yb-doped double tungstates[3740]. Thus, we adopted a dual-crystal design to compensate for the gain-narrowing effect.

    (a) Illustration of gain-narrowing effect compensation under the dual-crystal configuration; (b) spectrum of Q-switched laser output under the two crystal placement configurations. The black line denotes the configuration with the crystals placed in the same orientation, while the red line is under the configuration of crystals placed in orthogonal orientation.

    Figure 3.(a) Illustration of gain-narrowing effect compensation under the dual-crystal configuration; (b) spectrum of Q-switched laser output under the two crystal placement configurations. The black line denotes the configuration with the crystals placed in the same orientation, while the red line is under the configuration of crystals placed in orthogonal orientation.

    Figure 3(b) illustrates the output spectrum working at the Q-switched mode. The bandwidth in the orthogonal orientation was clearly much broader. The calculated Fourier transform limited pulse duration was as short as sub-160 fs. Under the configuration where the two crystals were placed in the same orientation, with the seed input, the amplified pulse bandwidth was only 3 nm with 180 μJ energy when it broke the dichroic mirrors. In contrast, the seed laser can be amplified to over 1 mJ under the orthogonal orientation configuration.

    The combined gain is complex and should be measured under different pumping conditions because of the quasi-three-level system behavior of the Yb-doped gain medium. The blueshift, with one peak from 1037 nm under the same crystal placement orientation to 1035 nm under the orthogonal crystal placement orientation, could result from the reabsorption losses at a long wavelength in the crystal where the laser polarization is parallel to its Nm-axis, making the gain at 1035 nm higher than that at 1037 nm under orthogonal orientation.

    2.2 Thermal lensing effect compensation

    The thermal lensing effect can be estimated as[41] where fth(r) is the focal length of the thermal lens; Kc is the thermal conductivity of the laser medium; Pheat is the part of the absorbed pump power that converts into heat; dn/dT denotes the thermal-optical coefficient; and s(r) is the fraction of the pump power contained in a beam radius of r.

    Previous work showed that the dual-crystal configuration can be used to compensate for the thermal lensing effect[42,43], where the pulse energy can be boosted up to 6.5 mJ in a Yb:KYW regenerative amplifier working at 1 kHz[21]. The dual-crystal configuration lowers the thermal load on each crystal while maintaining a high gain, and facilitates the compensation of each one’s thermal lensing effect. Therefore, the laser cavity can work with a large stability range over the thermal lensing effect variation.

    Beam radius variation on the two crystals while changing the focal length of the thermal lensing effect.

    Figure 4.Beam radius variation on the two crystals while changing the focal length of the thermal lensing effect.

    Output characteristic of the cavity working under QCW pumping (1/3 duty cycle at 1 kHz) with a pump peak power up to 80 W. PC: Pockels cell.

    Figure 5.Output characteristic of the cavity working under QCW pumping (1/3 duty cycle at 1 kHz) with a pump peak power up to 80 W. PC: Pockels cell.

    2.3 Dispersion management

    Ray-tracing model of our stretcher and compressor. TG: transmission grating; P1, P2: periscope; M1: broadband high reflection mirror at 0°; M2–M6: broadband high reflection mirrors at 45°; L1, L2: lenses; S1: translation stage where M2 and M3 were fixed.

    Figure 6.Ray-tracing model of our stretcher and compressor. TG: transmission grating; P1, P2: periscope; M1: broadband high reflection mirror at 0°; M2–M6: broadband high reflection mirrors at 45°; L1, L2: lenses; S1: translation stage where M2 and M3 were fixed.

    Calculated compressed pulse output (blue solid line) with 150 fs pulse input (dark dashed line) by our compact stretcher and compressor.

    Figure 7.Calculated compressed pulse output (blue solid line) with 150 fs pulse input (dark dashed line) by our compact stretcher and compressor.

    3 Results and discussion

    Intra-cavity pulse amplification process monitored by an oscilloscope. The pulse underwent an unsaturated amplification because of the mirror damage limitation.

    Figure 8.Intra-cavity pulse amplification process monitored by an oscilloscope. The pulse underwent an unsaturated amplification because of the mirror damage limitation.

    The two-pump laser could offer up to 120 W power. Approximately 60% of the maximum pump power was applied in our experiment considering the low performance of the dichroic mirrors. Under this dual-crystal configuration, our cavity supports a 100 W pump power input, as discussed in Section 2.2. High-quality dichroic mirrors will be used in the future, and laser pulses will be stretched to a longer pulse duration. Amplified pulses with an energy above 2.5 mJ can be expected by applying a higher pump power to the regenerative amplifier and making it work at the saturation level. The laser fluence of ~1 J/cm2 on the dichroic mirrors is believed to be below the damage threshold of high-quality dielectric-coated mirrors.

    (a) Input seed spectrum (black line) and output pulse spectrum (red line) delivered by the regenerative amplifier. (b) Compressed pulse duration (black line) and its Gaussian fit (red line) showing a pulse duration of approximately 227 fs. (c) M2 factor of the output laser beam (inset: near-field and far-field beam profiles).

    Figure 9.(a) Input seed spectrum (black line) and output pulse spectrum (red line) delivered by the regenerative amplifier. (b) Compressed pulse duration (black line) and its Gaussian fit (red line) showing a pulse duration of approximately 227 fs. (c) M2 factor of the output laser beam (inset: near-field and far-field beam profiles).

    Due to the high transparency of our transmission grating, the laser pulses were compressed to 1.2 mJ with a beam diameter of 4 mm corresponding to a total compression efficiency of 80%. Thus, with a further improvement in our regenerative amplifier, 2 mJ compressed pulses can be expected, without damaging any component inside our compressor.

    The compressed pulse duration was 227 fs (Figure 9(b)). The wings of the main peak are caused by the uncompensated high-order dispersion. In our system, the stretcher and the compressor share one same grating. Therefore there is little freedom for optimizing the dispersion compensation effect. Sub-200 fs pulses can be expected with a broader bandwidth seed input. Thanks to the dual-crystal configuration, the laser cavity delivers a near diffraction limited laser beam with M2 around 1.1 (Figure 9(c)). The output laser would not suffer from beam deterioration when more pump power is applied.

    4 Conclusions

    This paper reports on the Yb:KGW dual-crystal cavity. The regenerative amplifier boosted the seed from sub-0.2 nJ to 1.5 mJ. The laser pulses were compressed to 1.2 mJ with a pulse duration of 227 fs. The output laser beam is near the diffraction limit with M2 ~1.1, benefiting from the dual-crystal configuration. Moreover, the Q-switched output spectrum of the regenerative amplifier supports a sub-160 fs pulse amplification. Therefore, pulses with energies of up to 2 mJ and duration below 200 fs can be obtained using higher-quality dichroic mirrors and a broader-spectrum laser seed. This regenerative amplifier works as a good pre-amplifier for further laser amplification.

    In the future, an investigation on the spectral gain curve of Yb:KGW in the main amplifier will be performed under cryogenic temperature evolution from 77 K to 300 K. The working temperature will be controlled to realize broader gain bandwidth and less shift at the central wavelength of the main amplifier. We plan to boost the pulse energy to above 40 mJ in two-stage multi-pass amplifiers, corresponding to a gain factor of 20. In each amplifier, we will also adopt two cascaded crystals placed under orthogonal orientation to reduce the thermal load on each crystal and compensate for the gain-narrowing effect.

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    Huijun He, Jun Yu, Wentao Zhu, Xiaoyang Guo, Cangtao Zhou, Shuangchen Ruan. A Yb:KGW dual-crystal regenerative amplifier[J]. High Power Laser Science and Engineering, 2020, 8(4): 04000e35
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