Phenol and anionic surfactant are important indices for water-quality. Based on improvement and optimization of standard methods (spectrophotometry) for the two indices, we integrated the respective two color-extractants into a composited reagent. Using a self-developed microspectrometer with a design of splitting behind and collection of continuous spectrum signal (340~770 nm) in real time, a compound detection system was constructed. This system could simultaneously detect phenol and anionic surfactant in water without chemical and spectral interferences, leading to great decreases in reagent amount and detection time. The detection limits for phenol and anionic surfactant are 0.003 and 0.016 mg·L-1, respectively. This method was applied to water-quality monitoring of real samples in comparison with standard methods, and the results indicated that its reproducibility (relative standard deviation, n=5) and accuracy (relative error to results by standard methods) were less than 5%, contenting with the related standard.