• Chinese Optics Letters
  • Vol. 20, Issue 1, 012601 (2022)
Yihua Bai, Haoran Lv, Xin Fu, and Yuanjie Yang*
Author Affiliations
  • School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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    DOI: 10.3788/COL202220.012601 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Yihua Bai, Haoran Lv, Xin Fu, Yuanjie Yang. Vortex beam: generation and detection of orbital angular momentum [Invited][J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2022, 20(1): 012601 Copy Citation Text show less
    (a) Linearly polarized light carries no SAM (left) and circularly polarized light carries an SAM of ±ℏ per photon (right). (b) Wavefront, intensity, and corresponding phase distribution of vortex beams with topological charge of l = 0, 1, 2.
    Fig. 1. (a) Linearly polarized light carries no SAM (left) and circularly polarized light carries an SAM of ± per photon (right). (b) Wavefront, intensity, and corresponding phase distribution of vortex beams with topological charge of l = 0, 1, 2.
    Schematic diagrams of (a) π2 converter, (b) SPP, (c) fork grating hologram, and (d) spiral zone plate with topological charges of l = 1.
    Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams of (a) π2 converter, (b) SPP, (c) fork grating hologram, and (d) spiral zone plate with topological charges of l = 1.
    Generation of optical vortex beam with digital devices: (a) SLM, (b) DMD. Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus of (a1) SLM and (b1) DMD. (a2) Phase holograms and corresponding far-field diffraction patterns. (a3) Generated vortex beams and OAM spectra[26]. (b2) Simulated and experimental results of vortex beams with l = 20 by the Lee method and superpixel method, respectively. (b3) Fidelity and efficiency of the two methods[33].
    Fig. 3. Generation of optical vortex beam with digital devices: (a) SLM, (b) DMD. Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus of (a1) SLM and (b1) DMD. (a2) Phase holograms and corresponding far-field diffraction patterns. (a3) Generated vortex beams and OAM spectra[26]. (b2) Simulated and experimental results of vortex beams with l = 20 by the Lee method and superpixel method, respectively. (b3) Fidelity and efficiency of the two methods[33].
    (a1) Schematic view of the spiral photon sieve. Vortex beams generated by (a2) spiral zone plate and (a3) spiral photon sieve[37]. (b) Target intensity and phase (top left and right) and experimentally measured intensity and plane wave interference pattern (bottom left and right) of (b1) the LG beam with l = 5, p = 4 and (b2) superposition of two LG beams with l = ±5, p = 0[38]. (c) Electron vortex beam generated by rotationally symmetric mask based on Archimedean spirals[39]. (d) Schematics of simulated mask, intensity profile, and OAM spectrum (left to right) for the generation of photonic gear with l = ±5[40].
    Fig. 4. (a1) Schematic view of the spiral photon sieve. Vortex beams generated by (a2) spiral zone plate and (a3) spiral photon sieve[37]. (b) Target intensity and phase (top left and right) and experimentally measured intensity and plane wave interference pattern (bottom left and right) of (b1) the LG beam with l = 5, p = 4 and (b2) superposition of two LG beams with l = ±5, p = 0[38]. (c) Electron vortex beam generated by rotationally symmetric mask based on Archimedean spirals[39]. (d) Schematics of simulated mask, intensity profile, and OAM spectrum (left to right) for the generation of photonic gear with l = ±5[40].
    Generation of optical vortices through metasurfaces based on (a) dynamic phase[45], (b) geometry phase[53], (c) the combination of dynamic and geometry phase[54], and (d) optical vortex generator with multiple focal planes[55].
    Fig. 5. Generation of optical vortices through metasurfaces based on (a) dynamic phase[45], (b) geometry phase[53], (c) the combination of dynamic and geometry phase[54], and (d) optical vortex generator with multiple focal planes[55].
    (a) Left to right: phase distribution of a vortex beam with l = 1, the spiral phase passing through the double slits, and interference intensity distribution[79]. Schematic and results of (b) angular double-slits interference method[83]; (c) improved multipoint interferometer[87]; (d) Mach–Zehnder interferometer with a rotating Dove prism and cascading interferometers[89].
    Fig. 6. (a) Left to right: phase distribution of a vortex beam with l = 1, the spiral phase passing through the double slits, and interference intensity distribution[79]. Schematic and results of (b) angular double-slits interference method[83]; (c) improved multipoint interferometer[87]; (d) Mach–Zehnder interferometer with a rotating Dove prism and cascading interferometers[89].
    (a) Diffraction patterns of triangular aperture[92]. (b) The intensity distribution of the vortex beam is measured by a cylindrical lens[99]. (c) Schematic and results of the gradually changing period grating[97].
    Fig. 7. (a) Diffraction patterns of triangular aperture[92]. (b) The intensity distribution of the vortex beam is measured by a cylindrical lens[99]. (c) Schematic and results of the gradually changing period grating[97].
    (a) Phase profiles of the transforming and the phase-correcting optical element (top). Schematic of the optical system (bottom)[101]. (b) Schematic diagram and results of log-polar transformation and spiral transformation for OAM modes sorting[103]. (c) Schematic and results of the detection of SAM and OAM by photonic momentum transformation[104].
    Fig. 8. (a) Phase profiles of the transforming and the phase-correcting optical element (top). Schematic of the optical system (bottom)[101]. (b) Schematic diagram and results of log-polar transformation and spiral transformation for OAM modes sorting[103]. (c) Schematic and results of the detection of SAM and OAM by photonic momentum transformation[104].
    (a) Numerical model of the OAM-based communication system. CCD camera, charge-coupled device camera[112]. (b) CNN-based OAM transmission system scheme. OAM transmission system block diagram, six-layer CNN architecture[113]. (c) Quantitative analysis of CNN and the recognized OAM modes with fractional topological charge. Confusion matrix from l = 1.25 to l = 1.34. First row: phase pictures uploaded on the SLM. Second row: intensity distributions of vortex modes recorded by the CMOS camera[115].
    Fig. 9. (a) Numerical model of the OAM-based communication system. CCD camera, charge-coupled device camera[112]. (b) CNN-based OAM transmission system scheme. OAM transmission system block diagram, six-layer CNN architecture[113]. (c) Quantitative analysis of CNN and the recognized OAM modes with fractional topological charge. Confusion matrix from l = 1.25 to l = 1.34. First row: phase pictures uploaded on the SLM. Second row: intensity distributions of vortex modes recorded by the CMOS camera[115].
    Methods for detecting OAM modes based on surface plasmon polariton. (a) A semi-ring plasmonic nanoslit[119]. (b) A nanograting with straight stripes[121]. (c) A plasmonic spin-Hall nanograting[122].
    Fig. 10. Methods for detecting OAM modes based on surface plasmon polariton. (a) A semi-ring plasmonic nanoslit[119]. (b) A nanograting with straight stripes[121]. (c) A plasmonic spin-Hall nanograting[122].
    Yihua Bai, Haoran Lv, Xin Fu, Yuanjie Yang. Vortex beam: generation and detection of orbital angular momentum [Invited][J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2022, 20(1): 012601
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