To improve the laser cutting quality of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, the response surface method was used to establish a mathematical model of each response index with slit entrance width, heat-affected zone width, and kerf taper angleas the response indexes. Thereafter, the influence law of the interaction of each laser parameter on the response indexes was analyzed, and the parameter optimization combination was obtained to minimize each response index using 755 W laser power, 20 mm/s cutting speed, -0.6 mm focus position, and 0.7 MPa air pressure. The predicted values of the response indexes were obtained. Next, the laser cutting test was conducted under the parameter optimization combination, and the differences between the response indexes slit entrance width, heat-affected zone width, and kerf taper angle and predicted values were 12.73 μm, 6.55 μm, and 0.12°, which were within the fluctuation range of the predicted values, proving the effectiveness of the parameter optimization combination. The laser-cut specimens with the parameter optimization combination increased the glued tensile shear strength by 22.86% compared with the specimens before the optimization. The parameter optimization combination improves the laser cutting quality and reduces the impact of laser cutting on the mechanical properties of the material.