Under the premise of ensuring the security of national agricultural product supply, the main agricultural production areas in China need moderate development and necessary village and town construction activities, and the resources and environment carrying capacity provides good support for their sustainable development. Taking Linze County of Gansu Province as an example, this study developed a set of approaches and methods suitable for the evaluation of the carrying capacity of resources and environment for the construction of villages and towns in the main agricultural production areas, to provide a scientific basis for the development of the main functions of villages and towns. The results suggest that: (1) The evaluation of the carrying capacity of rural construction resources and environment in main agricultural production areas needs to construct an indicator system from two dimensions: the demand impact of rural construction activities on resources and environment and the carrying capacity feedback of resources and environment on rural construction activities. We should focus on the carrying capacity of cultivated land resources and water resources and the carrying capacity of cultivated land environment, water environment, and ecological environment. (2) The overall carrying capacity of resources in Linze County is larger than that of the environment, and the comprehensive carrying capacity shows a spatial pattern of generally higher in the south and lower in the north. There is a serious polarization in the state of pressure. The cultivated land resources are mainly in surplus, and the water resources and the environment are mainly overloaded. (3) The carrying capacity of resources and environment and the spatial differentiation of pressure state in the construction of villages and towns are determined by the local resources and environment, the intensity of development demand, and the strength of governance. The key to improve the carrying capacity of resources and environment is to give full play to the moderating capacity of governance structures, change the mode of economic development, improve the efficiency of resource utilization, and strengthen the remediation of the ecological environment.