Advances in metal halide perovskite lasers: synthetic strategies, morphology control, and lasing emission

Zhiping Hu; Zhengzheng Liu; Zijun Zhan; Tongchao Shi; Juan Du; Xiaosheng Tang; Yuxin Leng

doi:10.1117/1.AP.3.3.034002

Journals >Advanced Photonics >Volume 3 >Issue 3 >Page 034002 > Article

Advanced Photonics
Vol. 3, Issue 3, 034002 (2021)

Advances in metal halide perovskite lasers: synthetic strategies, morphology control, and lasing emission

Zhiping Hu¹, Zhengzheng Liu², Zijun Zhan¹, Tongchao Shi², Juan Du^1、2、*, Xiaosheng Tang^3、4、*, and Yuxin Leng^1、2、*

Author Affiliations

¹University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China

²Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai, China

³Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing, China

⁴Zhengzhou University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou, China

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DOI: 10.1117/1.AP.3.3.034002 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Zhiping Hu, Zhengzheng Liu, Zijun Zhan, Tongchao Shi, Juan Du, Xiaosheng Tang, Yuxin Leng. Advances in metal halide perovskite lasers: synthetic strategies, morphology control, and lasing emission[J]. Advanced Photonics, 2021, 3(3): 034002 Copy Citation Text

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(a) Structural model of metal lead perovskites. Figures reproduced from Ref. 43. (b) The (t,μ) map for 138 perovskite compounds. Figures reproduced from Ref. 44. (c) Nanoscale morphologies of halide perovskites.

Fig. 1. (a) Structural model of metal lead perovskites. Figures reproduced from Ref. 43. (b) The

(t, μ)

map for 138 perovskite compounds. Figures reproduced from Ref. 44. (c) Nanoscale morphologies of halide perovskites.

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(a) Schematic of LARP technique. Figures reproduced from Ref. 25. (b) Schematic of precursor and optical image of MAPbBr3 solution. Figures reproduced from Ref. 25. (c) Optical images of MAPbX3 solution under natural light and under 365 nm excitation. Figures reproduced from Ref. 25. (d) PL spectra of MAPbX3 QDs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 25. (e) PL optical images and PL spectra of CsPbX3 QDs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 42. (f) Time-resolved PL decays for CsPbX3 QDs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 42. (g) Schematic of the anion-exchange of CsPbX3. Figures reproduced from Ref. 41. (h) TEM images of CsPbX3 QDs with various PL. Figures reproduced from Ref. 41. (i) Schematic of room-temperature fabrication of CsPbX3 QDs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 39. (j) Optical images of CsPbX3 QDs after the addition of precursor ion solutions for 3 s. Figures reproduced from Ref. 39.

Fig. 2. (a) Schematic of LARP technique. Figures reproduced from Ref. 25. (b) Schematic of precursor and optical image of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

solution. Figures reproduced from Ref. 25. (c) Optical images of

{MAPbX}_{3}

solution under natural light and under 365 nm excitation. Figures reproduced from Ref. 25. (d) PL spectra of

{MAPbX}_{3}

QDs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 25. (e) PL optical images and PL spectra of

{CsPbX}_{3}

QDs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 42. (f) Time-resolved PL decays for

{CsPbX}_{3}

QDs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 42. (g) Schematic of the anion-exchange of

{CsPbX}_{3}

. Figures reproduced from Ref. 41. (h) TEM images of

{CsPbX}_{3}

QDs with various PL. Figures reproduced from Ref. 41. (i) Schematic of room-temperature fabrication of

{CsPbX}_{3}

QDs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 39. (j) Optical images of

{CsPbX}_{3}

QDs after the addition of precursor ion solutions for 3 s. Figures reproduced from Ref. 39.

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Fig. 3. (a) Schematic of the fabrication process for the

{Cs}_{x} {({CH}_{3} {NH}_{3})}_{1 - x} {PbI}_{3}

NWs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 72. (b) Schematic of the formation of the

{MAPbI}_{3}

NWs by recrystallization process. Figures reproduced from Ref. 73. (c) TEM images of as-grown

{CsPbBr}_{3}

NCs with increasing times. Figures reproduced from Ref. 51. (d) Absorption and PL spectra of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

NWs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 56. (e) Schematic of the passivation effect by HX on the length of

{CsPbX}_{3}

NWs and TEM images of the synthesized

{CsPbX}_{3}

NWs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 58. (f) Normalized absorption, PL spectra, and photographs of

{CsPbX}_{3}

NWs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 58.

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Fig. 4. (a) SEM image of

{PbI}_{2}

NWs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 49. (b) Optical microscopy image of

{MAPbI}_{3}

NWs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 49. Structure simulation images of (c)

{PbI}_{2}

NW and (d)

{MAPbI}_{3}

NW. Figures reproduced from Ref. 49. (e) Schematic of the

{CsPbX}_{3}

triangular micro/NRs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 75. (f) SEM image of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

triangular rods. Figures reproduced from Ref. 75. (g) Real-color image and PL spectra of

{CsPbX}_{3}

triangular rods. Figures reproduced from Ref. 75. (h), (i) SEM images of the

{CsPbBr}_{3}

NWs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 62.

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Fig. 5. (a) Schematic of the synthesis of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

NPs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 61. (b) Quantum size effect in

{MAPbBr}_{3}

NPs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 61. (c) Bandgap tuning in

{MAPbBr}_{3}

NPs and micro/NRs via size or compositional control. Figures reproduced from Ref. 61. (d) PL spectra of the halide–anion exchanged

{CsPbX}_{3}

NPs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 37. (e) 2D

{CsPbBr}_{3}

NSs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 37. (f) SEM images of

{CsPb}_{2} {Br}_{5}

MP. Figures reproduced from Ref. 78. (g) Top: Schematic of the growth of 2D

{CsPbX}_{3}

NPs and NSs from

{CsPbX}_{3}

NRs. Bottom: TEM images of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

NCs for different times. Figures reproduced from Ref. 79. (h) Schematic of the fabrication of

{MAPbI}_{3}

NCs using a vapor-transport system. Figures reproduced from Ref. 80. (i) Thickness of

{PbI}_{2}

platelets before and after being converted to

{MAPbI}_{3}

. Figures reproduced from Ref. 80. (j) Optical images of as-grown

{MAPbI}_{3}

NCs with different temperature and pressure. Figures reproduced from Ref. 64.

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Fig. 6. (a) Perovskite metasurfaces with enhanced emission. Figures reproduced from Ref. 98. SEM images of perovskite with (b) nanostripe and (c) nanohole structures. Figures reproduced from Ref. 98. (d) Enhanced PL spectra from perovskite metasurfaces with different structures. Figures reproduced from Ref. 98. (e) Schematics of the polymer-assisted nanoimprinting process for perovskite nanopatterns. Figures reproduced from Ref. 94. (f) SEM images of various perovskite nanopatterns. Figures reproduced from Ref. 94. (g) SEM images of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

metasurface for nonlinear imaging. Figures reproduced from Ref. 90. (h) The nonlinear PL and linear PL images of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

metasurfaces. Figures reproduced from Ref. 90. (i) SEM image of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

metasurface. Figures reproduced from Ref. 96. (j) The field distributions of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

perovskite metasurface. Figures reproduced from Ref. 96.

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Fig. 7. (a) SEM image of the

{CsPbI}_{3}

MSs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 100. (b) PL spectra of

{CsPbCl}_{3}

{CsPbBr}_{3}

, and

{CsPbI}_{3}

MSs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 100. (c) Monodispersed

{CsPbBr}_{3}

spheres under the excitation of UV light. Figures reproduced from Ref. 101. (d) SEM image of the monodispersed

{CsPbBr}_{3}

spheres. Figures reproduced from Ref. 101. (e) SEM image of the

{MAPbBr}_{3}

triangular pyramids. Figures reproduced from Ref. 102. (f) SEM image of the

{CsPbI}_{3}

triangular pyramids on a

Si / {SiO}_{2}

substrate. Figures reproduced from Ref. 103. (g) SEM image and (h) schematic of the formation of

{CsPbX}_{3}

nanoflowers. Figures reproduced from Ref. 104. (i) Photograph (upper) and PL emission spectra (bottom) of

{CsPbX}_{3}

nanoflowers. Figures reproduced from Ref. 104. (j) Crystal growth of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

cuboids (top) and SEM images of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

perovskite under different reaction time (bottom). Figures reproduced from Ref. 105.

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Fig. 8. (a) Absorption spectrum and normalized two-photon PL spectra of single

{MAPbBr}_{3}

NCs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 115. (b) Schematic of two-photon absorption at 800 nm in perovskite. Figures reproduced from Ref. 115. (c) Two-photon absorption coefficient. (d) Inverse transmission versus peak intensity for typical single

{MAPbBr}_{3}

NCs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 115. (e)–(g) Nonlinear optics of

{CsPbX}_{3}

NCs: (e) linear absorption spectrum and normalized PL spectra from

{CsPbBr}_{3}

NCs, (f) PL decay of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

NCs, and (g) Z-scan responses of the

{CsPbBr}_{3}

NC solution and the pure solvent. Figures reproduced from Ref. 116.

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Fig. 9. (a) TEM images of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

QDs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 127. (b) Spectral tunability of ASE of

{CsPbX}_{3}

via compositional modulation. Figures reproduced from Ref. 127. (c) Evolution from PL to lasing in an MS resonator with increasing pump intensity. Figures reproduced from Ref. 127. (d) SEM image and (e) isolation effect of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

QDs / A - {SiO}_{2}

composites. Figures reproduced from Ref. 131. (f) PL spectra from

{CsPbBr}_{3}

QDs / A - {SiO}_{2}

composite with increasing pump intensity. Figures reproduced from Ref. 131. (g) TEM image of

{FAPbBr}_{3}

QDs. (h) Two-photon PL spectra from

{FAPbBr}_{3}

NCs in a microcapillary tube. (i) Optical image and (j) lasing emission spectra from

{FAPbBr}_{3}

NCs in a microcapillary tube. Figures reproduced from Ref. 132. (k) Left: PL spectra from

{CsPbBr}_{3}

film within/without microcavity. Right: Schematic of the

{CsPbBr}_{3}

VCSEL. Figures reproduced from Ref. 133. (l) Schematic of the

{CsPbBr}_{3}

VCSEL. Figures reproduced from Ref. 134. (m) Photograph and PL stability of flexible

{FAPbBr}_{3}

VCSEL. Figures reproduced from Ref. 135.

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Fig. 10. (a) SEM of

{MAPbI}_{3}

nanostructures. Figures reproduced from Ref. 144. (b) Optical image of single

{MAPbI}_{3}

NW. Figures reproduced from Ref. 144. (c) PL spectra of

{MAPbI}_{3}

NW around the lasing threshold. Figures reproduced from Ref. 144. (d) Broad tunable lasing from single-crystal

{MAPbX}_{3}

NW. Figures reproduced from Ref. 144. (e) SEM image of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

nanostructures. Figures reproduced from Ref. 145. (f) Fluorescence images of red/green/blue

{CsPbX}_{3}

NWs above lasing threshold. Figures reproduced from Ref. 145. (g) Broad tunable lasing from single-crystal

{CsPbX}_{3}

NWs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 145. (h) The photograph and PL spectra of a single

{CsPbCl}_{3 - 3 x} {Br}_{3 x}

NW. Figures reproduced from Ref. 146. (i) The schematic of optically pumping lasing from a single

{CsPbCl}_{3 - 3 x} {Br}_{3 x}

NW. Figures reproduced from Ref. 146. (j) Typical lasing spectra from a single

{CsPbCl}_{3 - 3 x} {Br}_{3 x}

NW. Figures reproduced from Ref. 146.

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Fig. 11. (a) Schematic of an

{MAPbX}_{3}

NP pumped by a pulsed laser. Figures reproduced from Ref. 80. (b) Optical image of

{MAPbI}_{3}

NPs under white light and laser excitation. Figures reproduced from Ref. 80. (c) Lasing spectra of hexagonal

{MAPbI}_{3}

NPs (upper) and the lasing mode evaluation with pumping fluence (bottom). Figures reproduced from Ref. 80. (d) Upper: Lasing spectra of triangular

{MAPbI}_{3}

NPs with different edge length. Bottom: The wavelength of lasing modes and

Q

-factor as a function of the triangular cavity edge length. Figures reproduced from Ref. 80. (e) Schematic of triangular

{MAPbI}_{3}

NPs pumped by a 343 nm laser. Figures reproduced from Ref. 148. (f) Optical image of triangular

{MAPbI}_{3}

NPs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 148. (g) 2D plot of a triangular

{MAPbI}_{3}

NP emission under different pump densities. Figures reproduced from Ref. 148. (h) The emission spectra from

{MAPbI}_{3}

NPs around the lasing threshold. Figures reproduced from Ref. 148. (i) Output emission intensity as a function of pump densities. Figures reproduced from Ref. 148. (j) Schematic of a

{CsPbX}_{3}

plate under a 400 nm laser. Figures reproduced from Ref. 149. (k) Emission spectra at different pump intensities. Figures reproduced from Ref. 149. (l) Tunable lasing spectra and images of individual

{CsPbX}_{3}

perovskite NPs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 149. (m) Single-mode lasing of

{CsPbBr}_{x} I_{3 - x}

. Figures reproduced from Ref. 149. (n) Schematic of a

{CsPbI}_{3}

NS on mica substrate. Figures reproduced from Ref. 86. Excitation intensity-dependent emission spectra under (o) 470 nm and (p) 1200 nm excitation. Figures reproduced from Ref. 86. (q) Gaussian fitting of a lasing mode under 470 and 1200 nm laser. Figures reproduced from Ref. 86.

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Fig. 12. (a) Schematic of a single

{CsPbBr}_{3}

MS under 400 nm laser. Figures reproduced from Ref. 100. (b) Lasing PL spectra from a single

{CsPbBr}_{3}

MS under different pump intensities. Figures reproduced from Ref. 100. (c) Lorentzian fitting of a lasing mode. Figures reproduced from Ref. 100. (d) Photograph and lasing emission of multicolor

{CsPbX}_{3}

MS lasers. Figures reproduced from Ref. 100. (e) SEM image and (f) schematics of F-P cavity of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

nanocuboids. Figures reproduced from Ref. 129. (g) Single-mode lasing spectra and (h) TA spectroscopic data of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

nanocuboids under two-photon excitation. Figures reproduced from Ref. 129. (i) Schematic of a cube-corner

{MAPbBr}_{3}

pyramid under 405 nm laser. Figures reproduced from Ref. 102. (j) PL spectra of a cube-corner

{MAPbBr}_{3}

and (k) output intensity as a function of excitation power. Figures reproduced from Ref. 102. (l), (m) Multimode lasing spectra of a cube-corner pyramid of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

on (l) mica and (m) mica/Ag. Figures reproduced from Ref. 102.

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Fig. 13. (a) SEM image of the

{MAPbBr}_{3}

microwire on silicon grating. Figures reproduced from Ref. 156. (b) Laser spectrum of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

microwire. Figures reproduced from Ref. 156. (c) Optical image of

{MAPbBr}_{3}

NW arrays. Figures reproduced from Ref. 157. (d) PL spectra of a single

{MAPbBr}_{3}

NW under 400 nm laser. Figures reproduced from Ref. 157. (e) “LASER” patterned perovskite square MPs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 158. (f) Lasing spectra from perovskite MPs with different sizes. Figures reproduced from Ref. 158. (g) PL image of green and red QD arrays. Figures reproduced from Ref. 159. (h) Emission intensity versus excitation fluence measured from a

{CsPbBr}_{3}

MD. Figures reproduced from Ref. 159. (i) Lasing spectra from

{CsPbBr}_{3}

MDs with different diameters. Figures reproduced from Ref. 159. (j) PL spectra from a typical

{MAPbBr}_{3}

MD with different power energies and (k) output intensity and FWHM as a function of pump intensity. Figures reproduced from Ref. 160. (l) Widely tunable lasing from

{MAPbX}_{3}

arrays. Figures reproduced from Ref. 160. (m) Left: SEM image of the fabricated perovskite metasurface; right: ultrafast control of the quasi-BIC microlasers. Figures reproduced from Ref. 161.

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Fig. 14. (a) Field intensity distributions and schematic structure of Ag/PMMA/perovskite. Figures reproduced from Ref. 163. (b) Schematic and working process of plasmonic nanolaser of

{MAPbBr}_{3} / {Al}_{2} O_{3} / TiN

. Figures reproduced from Ref. 164. (c) Schematic and calculated electric field distribution of plasmonic nanolaser based on

{CsPbBr}_{3}

QDs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 165. (d) Schematic of phase transition from polycrystalline to monocrystalline

{CsPbBr}_{3}

nanoparticles by adjusting the laser power and the PL spectrum under different laser power. Figures reproduced from Ref. 166. (e) Schematic polaritons in a micro/NW cavity and lasing spectrum of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

NWs. Figures reproduced from Ref. 167. (f) Schematic of CW lasing of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

nanoribbons. Figures reproduced from Ref. 168. (g) Schematic structure of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

flakes/DBR microcavity and SEM image of

{CsPbBr}_{3}

flakes. Figures reproduced from Ref. 169. (h) Cascade energy transfer in quasi-2D perovskite and tunable ASE from solution-processed

{(NMA)}_{2} (FA) {Pb}_{2} {Br}_{y} I_{7 - y}

films. Figures reproduced from Ref. 170. (i) Chemical structures of quasi-2D perovskite with different organic cations and CW lasing characteristics of quasi-2D perovskite films. Figures reproduced from Ref. 171.

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Materials	Nanostructure	Laser mode	Emission wavelength	Threshold	Year	Ref.
${CsPbX}_{3}$	QD on silica sphere	WGM	400 to 700 nm	5 to $22 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2015	127
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	${CsPbX}_{3} / {SiO}_{2}$ composite	Random	520 to 530 nm	$40 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2017	131
${FAPbBr}_{3}$	${FAPbX}_{3} / {SiO}_{2}$	Random	540 nm	$413.7 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2020	136
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	QD in silica sphere	Random/WGM	530 nm	$430 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2019	137
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	QD in capillary tube	WGN	530 to 540 nm	$11 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2015	138
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	QD in capillary tube	WGM	535 nm	$0.9 mJ / {cm}^{2}$	2016	139
${FAPbBr}_{3}$	QD in capillary tube	WGM	540 to 550 nm	$0.31 mJ / {cm}^{2}$	2019	132
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	$DBR / {CsPbBr}_{3} QD / DBR$	F-P	460 to 650 nm	$9 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2017	133
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	$DBR / {CsPbBr}_{3} QD / DBR$	F-P	520 nm	$0.39 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2017	134
${FAPbBr}_{3}$	Flexile $DBR / {FAPbBr}_{3} film / DBR$	F-P	552.7 nm	$18.3 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2017	135
${MAPbBr}_{3}$	$DBR / {MAPbBr}_{3} film / Ag$	F-P	552 nm	$421 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2020	140
${MAPbX}_{3}$	NWs	F-P	500 to 790 nm	$0.22 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2015	144
${MAPbX}_{3}$	NWs	F-P	551, 750, 777 nm	$11 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2015	49
${CsPbX}_{3}$	NWs and NPs	F-P	430, 532, 550 nm	$5 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2016	55
${CsPbX}_{3}$	NWs	F-P	420 to 710 nm	$6.2 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2016	145
${CsPbX}_{3}$	Micro/NRs	F-P	428 to 628 nm	$14.1 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2017	75
${CsPbCl}_{3 - 3 x} {Br}_{3 x}$	NWs	F-P	480 to 525 nm	11.7 to $35.0 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2020	146
${MAPbI}_{3}$	NPs	WGM	780 nm	$37 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2014	80
${MAPbCl}_{x} {Br}_{3 - x}$	Microdisks	WGM	525 to 558 nm	$3.6 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2015	150
${MAPbI}_{3}$	Microplatelets	WGM	780 nm	$12 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2016	151
${MAPbBr}_{3}$	Microplates	WGM	550 nm	$20 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2017	152
${MAPbI}_{3}$	Triangular nanoplatelets	WGM	780 nm	$18.7 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2019	148
${CsPbX}_{3}$	Nanoplatelets	WGM	400 to 700 nm	2.0 to $10.0 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2016	149
${CsPbI}_{3}$	NSs	WGM	702 to 725 nm	$0.3 mJ / {cm}^{2}$	2018	86
${CsPb}_{2} {Br}_{5}$	Microplates	F-P	530, 540 nm	$230 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2020	153
WGM	$180 μ J / {cm}^{2}$
${CsPbX}_{3}$	MSs	WGM	425 to 715 nm	$0.42 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2017	100
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	MSs	WGM	520 to 542 nm	$203.7 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2018	154
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	Nanocuboids	F-P	531 nm	$40.2 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2018	129
${MAPbBr}_{3}$	Pyramids	F-P	530 nm	$26 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2018	102
${CsPbI}_{3}$	Pyramids	F-P	720 nm	21.56 to $53.15 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2019	103
${MAPbBr}_{3}$	Microwire array	F-P	554 nm	$5.9 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2016	156
${MAPbX}_{3}$	NW array	F-P	543 nm	$12.3 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2017	157
${MAPbX}_{3}$	Microplate array	WGM	510 to 780 nm	$3.5 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2016	158
${CsPbX}_{3}$	QDs array	WGM	534 nm	$200 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2018	159
${MAPbX}_{3}$	Microdisk array	WGM	510 to 650 nm	$21.3 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2019	160
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	${CsPbBr}_{3}$ microrod/Al nanoparticle	SP	540 nm	$7.24 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2017	172
${CsPbBrI}_{3}$	${CsPbBr}_{3} / PEDOT : PSS / Au$ nanoparticle	SP	542 nm	$157.6 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2018	174
${MAPbBr}_{3}$	${MAPbBr}_{3} / {Al}_{2} O_{3} / TiN$	SP	550 nm	$10 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2021	164
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	$Ag / {CsPbBr}_{3} / {Al}_{2} O_{3} / Au$	SP	534 nm	$1.9 W / {cm}^{2}$	2021	165
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	${CsPbBr}_{3} / Au$	SP	495 to 520 nm	2.0 mW	2021	166
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	NWs	F-P	520 nm	$8 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2018	167
${MAPbBr}_{3}$	Micro/NWs	F-P	550 nm	$15 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2018	175
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	Nanoribbons	F-P (CW lasing)	2.34 eV	$0.13 kW / {cm}^{2}$	2020	168
${CsPbCl}_{3}$	$DBR / {CsPbCl}_{3} / DBR$	F-P	2.9 eV	$12 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2017	178
${CsPbBr}_{3}$	$DBR / {CsPbBr}_{3} / DBR$	F-P	2.3 eV	$0.25 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2020	169
${(BA)}_{2} {(MA)}_{n - 1} {Pb}_{n} I_{3 n + 1}$	Quasi-2D perovskite flakes	F-P	630, 663, 687 nm	$4.8 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2019	182
${PEA}_{2} A_{n - 1} {Pb}_{n} {Br}_{3 n + 1}$ (A: MA, Cs)	UV glue/quasi-2D perovskite/glass	F-P	539 nm	$10.5 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2021	183
$PEA - {FAPb}_{x} {Br}_{y}$	Quasi-2D perovskite on DFB	CW lasing	553 nm	$32.8 μ J / {cm}^{2}$	2020	171
$NMA - {FAPb}_{x} {Br}_{y}$	555 nm	$4.7 μ J / {cm}^{2}$