Retraction of: Sequencing of Human Identification Markers in an Uyghur Population Using the MiSeq FGxTM Forensic Genomics System
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf039 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf039
Green clues: unveiling the role of bryophytes in forensic science
Jenna Merkel, Matt von Konrat, Lloyd R Stark, Andrew Laurence, Laura Briscoe, Becky Collings, Peter Carrington, Danny Kreider, Juan Larraín, Alan Lichamer, Gary Merrill, Anton Reznicek, R Jan Stevenson, Frank W Telewski, and J B Wells
Key PointsBryophytes are an underutilized potential tool within forensic science.Bryophytes are ubiquitous as well as have a number of unique features and can be found in almost every environment around the world.Many reported and published case reports exemplify the numerous applications for bryophytes and other botanical evidence within forensic science.
Bryophytes are an underutilized potential tool within forensic science.
Bryophytes are ubiquitous as well as have a number of unique features and can be found in almost every environment around the world.
Many reported and published case reports exemplify the numerous applications for bryophytes and other botanical evidence within forensic science.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf026 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf026
In memoriam: professor Philip S.L. Beh (1958–2025)
Duarte Nuno Vieira
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf023 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf023
Systematic analysis of full-sibling identification by adding genetic markers and reference relatives
Qianqian Kong, Shubo Wen, Zhenmin Zhao, Man Chen, Weijie Teng, Liqin Chen, Ran Li, Hongyu Sun, and Xiling Liu
Full-sibling (FS) identification is a crucial aspect of kinship analysis. However, current FS identification methods need to be more accurate and effective for routine FS identification. In this study, the optimal cut-off values for FS identification by incorporating both the identical by state (IBS) and likelihood ratio (LR) methods under four different levels of error rates were assessed. The corresponding sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and effectiveness were calculated for different numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs), ranging from 19 to 55. The identified cut-off values were validated using authentic pedigrees from the Han population in East China. It was determined that the cut-off values derived from the IBS method and LR method with an error rate below 0.01% were dependable and practical. The study also explored the impact of half-sibling relationships and the inclusion of reference relatives in FS identification. Currently, an updated technical specification for FS identification in China was released, serving as a valuable resource for FS testing in forensic applications.Full-sibling (FS) identification is a crucial aspect of kinship analysis. However, current FS identification methods need to be more accurate and effective for routine FS identification. In this study, the optimal cut-off values for FS identification by incorporating both the identical by state (IBS) and likelihood ratio (LR) methods under four different levels of error rates were assessed. The corresponding sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and effectiveness were calculated for different numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs), ranging from 19 to 55. The identified cut-off values were validated using authentic pedigrees from the Han population in East China. It was determined that the cut-off values derived from the IBS method and LR method with an error rate below 0.01% were dependable and practical. The study also explored the impact of half-sibling relationships and the inclusion of reference relatives in FS identification. Currently, an updated technical specification for FS identification in China was released, serving as a valuable resource for FS testing in forensic applications.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf020 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf020
From desire to destruction: addiction, jealousy, and mental disorder in an Italian femicide case
Cristiano Barbieri, Roberta Risola, Andrea De Leo, Anna Cassano, Ignazio Grattagliano, Kimberly Pagani, and Maria Grazia Violante
Key pointsForensic psychiatric analysis in a case of femicide.Nosographic difficulty in making dual diagnosis.Assessment of the perpetrator’s mental capacity and of diminished responsibility.Personal predisposition of the victim as an active partner in the crime.Key points
Forensic psychiatric analysis in a case of femicide.
Nosographic difficulty in making dual diagnosis.
Assessment of the perpetrator’s mental capacity and of diminished responsibility.
Personal predisposition of the victim as an active partner in the crime.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf018 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf018
Sex estimation through the lens of cross-sectional geometric properties of the ulna
Nefeli Garoufi, Andreas Bertsatos and Maria-Eleni Chovalopoulou
Sex estimation is an essential part of anthropological analysis in both forensic and archaeological studies, as it is vital for the construction of biological profiles from skeletal remains. The last years have seen a steady increase in the development of alternative methodologies for sex estimation, which do not depend on strictly traditional osteometric measurements. The present study focuses on the evaluation of the sex diagnostic capacity of the diaphyseal cross-sectional geometric (CSG) properties of the ulna on 215 individuals (120 males, 95 females) from a contemporary Greek population sample, utilizing support vector machine supervised learning algorithms for the classification analysis. The correlation of age-at-death on the utilized CSG variables and the effect of bilateral asymmetry in the presence of sexual dimorphism were evaluated as well. The highest cross-validated accuracy reached was 98.15%, exceeding the accuracy achieved by standard ostemeotric measurements of the ulna, highlighting the importance of evaluating and, subsequently, incorporating alternative measurements in sex estimation practices. The optimal classification model is freely available as a standalone R function, in order to facilitate the utilization of the CSG properties in forensic context.Sex estimation is an essential part of anthropological analysis in both forensic and archaeological studies, as it is vital for the construction of biological profiles from skeletal remains. The last years have seen a steady increase in the development of alternative methodologies for sex estimation, which do not depend on strictly traditional osteometric measurements. The present study focuses on the evaluation of the sex diagnostic capacity of the diaphyseal cross-sectional geometric (CSG) properties of the ulna on 215 individuals (120 males, 95 females) from a contemporary Greek population sample, utilizing support vector machine supervised learning algorithms for the classification analysis. The correlation of age-at-death on the utilized CSG variables and the effect of bilateral asymmetry in the presence of sexual dimorphism were evaluated as well. The highest cross-validated accuracy reached was 98.15%, exceeding the accuracy achieved by standard ostemeotric measurements of the ulna, highlighting the importance of evaluating and, subsequently, incorporating alternative measurements in sex estimation practices. The optimal classification model is freely available as a standalone R function, in order to facilitate the utilization of the CSG properties in forensic context.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf017 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf017
E-dentification, the use of teledentistry for remote personal forensic identification in forensic odontology: a Queensland experience
Neil Evans, Alistair Soon, Alex Forrest, Matthew Meredith, and Peter Harris
Dental comparison is recognized by the International Criminal Police Organization as one of three primary forensic identification techniques that can provide conclusive findings. Queensland is a large Australian state with a centralized forensic odontology service located at Queensland Health’s Coronial and Public Health Sciences (CPHS) in Brisbane, which sits in the state’s South-Eastern corner. Almost half of the Queensland population is located outside of Brisbane, and the distance to regional centres can be very large. Transporting forensic dental personnel and their equipment to these regional centres to undertake identification and examination procedures can be both expensive and time-consuming, depriving CPHS of service for the period of absence. The acquisition of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) data locally in regional centres with remote access electronically from CPHS in Brisbane has the potential to alleviate these issues in many cases. Forensic radiographers at CPHS work with forensic odontologists to produce multi-planar reformat images from PMCT data, which simulate common dental radiographs such as orthopantomogram, bitewing, and periapical views. Additional images, such as three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the teeth and jaws, can also be produced and viewed from various angles. These multi-planar reformat and 3D images can be compared with antemortem (AM) radiographic images and dental records of a missing person sourced from public or private dental surgeries, public hospitals, or private radiology practices. Comparisons can be made not only with AM traditional dental radiographs but also with images and reconstructions produced from AM dental cone-beam computed tomography or medical computed tomography data. The authors term this remote dental identification “e-dentification”. While e-dentification offers numerous advantages, there are several limitations to its use, including access to the necessary equipment, the consistent acquisition of high-resolution PMCT data, and artefacts, including those due to metal restorations, that may be present in computed tomography images. We present four cases to illustrate and discuss e-dentification.Dental comparison is recognized by the International Criminal Police Organization as one of three primary forensic identification techniques that can provide conclusive findings. Queensland is a large Australian state with a centralized forensic odontology service located at Queensland Health’s Coronial and Public Health Sciences (CPHS) in Brisbane, which sits in the state’s South-Eastern corner. Almost half of the Queensland population is located outside of Brisbane, and the distance to regional centres can be very large. Transporting forensic dental personnel and their equipment to these regional centres to undertake identification and examination procedures can be both expensive and time-consuming, depriving CPHS of service for the period of absence. The acquisition of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) data locally in regional centres with remote access electronically from CPHS in Brisbane has the potential to alleviate these issues in many cases. Forensic radiographers at CPHS work with forensic odontologists to produce multi-planar reformat images from PMCT data, which simulate common dental radiographs such as orthopantomogram, bitewing, and periapical views. Additional images, such as three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the teeth and jaws, can also be produced and viewed from various angles. These multi-planar reformat and 3D images can be compared with antemortem (AM) radiographic images and dental records of a missing person sourced from public or private dental surgeries, public hospitals, or private radiology practices. Comparisons can be made not only with AM traditional dental radiographs but also with images and reconstructions produced from AM dental cone-beam computed tomography or medical computed tomography data. The authors term this remote dental identification “e-dentification”. While e-dentification offers numerous advantages, there are several limitations to its use, including access to the necessary equipment, the consistent acquisition of high-resolution PMCT data, and artefacts, including those due to metal restorations, that may be present in computed tomography images. We present four cases to illustrate and discuss e-dentification.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf016 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf016
Types and distribution of the friction ridge patterns on the ball area of the bare footprint
Li Liu
The comparison of footprints to establish positive identification of individuals is an accepted practice. Due to the poor clarity and limited quantity of friction ridge skin detail in the bare footprint at crime scenes, it can prove challenging and problematic to locate the part of the foot that made the print. The aim of the present study is to analyse the types and its distributions of patterns in the ball area of the footprint. The samples comprise 1 460 adults. Results show that loops, whorls, and arches have been found in the ball area of the footprint. In the inner zone, loops are 65.51% of all the patterns, in which vertical loop-down is the most common pattern. In the mid zone, 54.04% of the samples only have vertical loop-down as the single pattern, and 7.71% show multiple patterns, with particularly nine types of multiple patterns found. In the outer zone, patterns are very rare. Only 5.45% of the samples have horizontal loop-outer, and 0.27% of the samples are vertical loop-down. Different patterns in the ball area of the foot show different frequencies of appearance. The shapes of patterns are different in each area of the foot. The examination of the patterns in the bare footprint could be a possibility of locating a certain position of the origin foot.The comparison of footprints to establish positive identification of individuals is an accepted practice. Due to the poor clarity and limited quantity of friction ridge skin detail in the bare footprint at crime scenes, it can prove challenging and problematic to locate the part of the foot that made the print. The aim of the present study is to analyse the types and its distributions of patterns in the ball area of the footprint. The samples comprise 1 460 adults. Results show that loops, whorls, and arches have been found in the ball area of the footprint. In the inner zone, loops are 65.51% of all the patterns, in which vertical loop-down is the most common pattern. In the mid zone, 54.04% of the samples only have vertical loop-down as the single pattern, and 7.71% show multiple patterns, with particularly nine types of multiple patterns found. In the outer zone, patterns are very rare. Only 5.45% of the samples have horizontal loop-outer, and 0.27% of the samples are vertical loop-down. Different patterns in the ball area of the foot show different frequencies of appearance. The shapes of patterns are different in each area of the foot. The examination of the patterns in the bare footprint could be a possibility of locating a certain position of the origin foot.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf015 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf015
A review of progress in violence risk assessment methods
Xindi Ling, Haozhe Li, Wen Li, Shujian Wang, Qinting Zhang, and Weixiong Cai
Key pointsThe violence risk assessment methods are widely used in psychiatric clinical treatment or forensic assessment, but all the methods have certain shortcomings.The review discussed main contents and research progress of several violence risk assessment tools in order to explore applicability of each tool.The review aimed to provide a reference for the selection and application of violence risk assessment tools and optimization of violence risk assessment methods in the future.Key points
The violence risk assessment methods are widely used in psychiatric clinical treatment or forensic assessment, but all the methods have certain shortcomings.
The review discussed main contents and research progress of several violence risk assessment tools in order to explore applicability of each tool.
The review aimed to provide a reference for the selection and application of violence risk assessment tools and optimization of violence risk assessment methods in the future.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf014 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf014
A new chapter for Forensic Sciences Research
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf013 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf013
Forensic science or sciences? The recognition as an independent science and redefinition of expert practices based on transdisciplinary
Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
Forensic science explores scientific knowledge to clarify legal and legal issues. Since I started in this area of knowledge in mid-2007, my priority has been to create a centre of reference and excellence that would advance forensic science, an area sometimes based on self-taught practices. Along this pathway, I always considered that we were dealing with an articulated set of “Forensic Sciences” and not with a single “Forensic Science”, but I was, at least partially, wrong! This work discusses the competencies of the different forensic subspecialties, seeking to be the starting point for reformulating forensic teaching, research, and public and private forensic activity. It also highlights the concern of offering a certain level of professionalization to forensic science. For this reflection, it was important to follow a path that had its foundations in the study of the historical roots of forensic science, namely the first Portuguese forensic case, to study the revolutionary scientific contribution triggered by the “CSI effect”, to understand in depth the competencies of each of the forensic subspecialties and bring this knowledge to specialized pre- and postgraduate training, to promote innovation through peer review of empirical forensic practices to increase the scientific evidence, the development of certification mechanisms for forensic experts and their respective code of ethics, and to open the doors for artificial intelligence to assist the courts and the opportunity that forensic science represents in the development of other areas of health sciences, life, and social behaviour. Thus, it was born, very unconsciously, a scientific project for the transdisciplinary reformulation of forensic activity, but over time, it allowed me to realize that we can have specialists trained in all its dimensions and plenitude. The pillars for the modernization of this science and, ultimately, the law, which, together with education and health, are the three main pillars of society. Not punishing innocent people, leaving criminals unharmed through scientific evidence, seeking justice, and repairing the damage is the supreme spirit of Forensic Science. Our One Forensics model is now being considered to be implemented by other countries.Forensic science explores scientific knowledge to clarify legal and legal issues. Since I started in this area of knowledge in mid-2007, my priority has been to create a centre of reference and excellence that would advance forensic science, an area sometimes based on self-taught practices. Along this pathway, I always considered that we were dealing with an articulated set of “Forensic Sciences” and not with a single “Forensic Science”, but I was, at least partially, wrong! This work discusses the competencies of the different forensic subspecialties, seeking to be the starting point for reformulating forensic teaching, research, and public and private forensic activity. It also highlights the concern of offering a certain level of professionalization to forensic science. For this reflection, it was important to follow a path that had its foundations in the study of the historical roots of forensic science, namely the first Portuguese forensic case, to study the revolutionary scientific contribution triggered by the “CSI effect”, to understand in depth the competencies of each of the forensic subspecialties and bring this knowledge to specialized pre- and postgraduate training, to promote innovation through peer review of empirical forensic practices to increase the scientific evidence, the development of certification mechanisms for forensic experts and their respective code of ethics, and to open the doors for artificial intelligence to assist the courts and the opportunity that forensic science represents in the development of other areas of health sciences, life, and social behaviour. Thus, it was born, very unconsciously, a scientific project for the transdisciplinary reformulation of forensic activity, but over time, it allowed me to realize that we can have specialists trained in all its dimensions and plenitude. The pillars for the modernization of this science and, ultimately, the law, which, together with education and health, are the three main pillars of society. Not punishing innocent people, leaving criminals unharmed through scientific evidence, seeking justice, and repairing the damage is the supreme spirit of Forensic Science. Our One Forensics model is now being considered to be implemented by other countries.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf012 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf012
Elder abuse-related rib fractures: performance of chest computed tomography in two case reports
Zhilu Zhou, Peipei Zhuo, Jiemin Chen, Lei Wan, Xiaoying Yu, Maowen Wang, Dan Ran, Xiaoping Yang, Hongxia Hao, Wentao Xia, and Qing Xia
Trauma in victims of abuse often exists in various ways, and the characters usually manifest as non-fatal injuries, repetitive occurrence, and the injured parts are relatively hidden. Forensic experts are optimally positioned to raise suspicion for abuse when comprehensively considering a forensic investigation, reviewing imaging, and other multiple factors of geriatric injury victims. However, few experts received formal or informal training in abuse identification. In this article, we discussed two cases of suspected victims of abuse with rib fractures and attempted to determine the location, timing, and directionality of these injuries to raise the index of suspicion for abuse. We present two cases to characterize the radiographic changes of rib fractures in various stages of healing and radiographic findings in elder abuse events. To improve the accuracy of the imaging diagnosis, we collected a series of computed tomography images of rib fractures and compared all computed tomography images of these two victims with these images. We found that the victims presented with repeated rib fractures and with different stages of healing. We strongly suspect these were abuse cases due to the radiographic findings and clinical recordings demonstrated by these cases. We aim to raise awareness of abuse in radiology and forensic medicine to help these victims and reduce such incidents.Trauma in victims of abuse often exists in various ways, and the characters usually manifest as non-fatal injuries, repetitive occurrence, and the injured parts are relatively hidden. Forensic experts are optimally positioned to raise suspicion for abuse when comprehensively considering a forensic investigation, reviewing imaging, and other multiple factors of geriatric injury victims. However, few experts received formal or informal training in abuse identification. In this article, we discussed two cases of suspected victims of abuse with rib fractures and attempted to determine the location, timing, and directionality of these injuries to raise the index of suspicion for abuse. We present two cases to characterize the radiographic changes of rib fractures in various stages of healing and radiographic findings in elder abuse events. To improve the accuracy of the imaging diagnosis, we collected a series of computed tomography images of rib fractures and compared all computed tomography images of these two victims with these images. We found that the victims presented with repeated rib fractures and with different stages of healing. We strongly suspect these were abuse cases due to the radiographic findings and clinical recordings demonstrated by these cases. We aim to raise awareness of abuse in radiology and forensic medicine to help these victims and reduce such incidents.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf011 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf011
Elliptical Fourier analysis of bullet ricochet impact site plan-view shape in concrete
Jonathan Paige, Robert S Walker, Briggs Buchanan, Alastair Key, Jay Romans, and Metin I Eren
Key PointsBullet ricochet impact sites often occur in shooting incidents.We analysed bullet richochet impact site shapes in concrete using elliptical Fourier analysis.Results suggest different bullet types’ ricochet impact shape morphospaces overlap with each other.This overlap obscures conclusions about the design and composition of the projectile and possibly the responsible firearm.
Bullet ricochet impact sites often occur in shooting incidents.
We analysed bullet richochet impact site shapes in concrete using elliptical Fourier analysis.
Results suggest different bullet types’ ricochet impact shape morphospaces overlap with each other.
This overlap obscures conclusions about the design and composition of the projectile and possibly the responsible firearm.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf010 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf010
Exploration of techniques for the enhancement of latent fingermarks from fired and unfired cartridge cases: a systematic review
Maxwell Abedi, Christopher Mabasa and Sekgololo A Mabudusha
Key pointsFingermark evidence on fired and unfired cartridge cases cannot be undervalued.The enhancement of latent fingermarks from fired cartridge cases is possible although challenging.Enhancement of latent fingermarks from fired cartridge case is possible with cyanoacrylate fuming followed by gun bluing and basic yellow 40.Recover Latent Fingerprint Technology, palladium deposition, and cold patination fluid are promising fingermark enhancement techniques.Key points
Fingermark evidence on fired and unfired cartridge cases cannot be undervalued.
The enhancement of latent fingermarks from fired cartridge cases is possible although challenging.
Enhancement of latent fingermarks from fired cartridge case is possible with cyanoacrylate fuming followed by gun bluing and basic yellow 40.
Recover Latent Fingerprint Technology, palladium deposition, and cold patination fluid are promising fingermark enhancement techniques.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf006 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf006
Descriptive analysis of protein expression variations during pupal development of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) using label-free proteomic techniques
Ren Long, Chengyong Luo, Peng Zhang, Xing Zou, and Tao Song
Age estimation is a critical aspect of forensic entomology, especially in the examination of pupae. The use of proteins as a means for age identification shows great promise. In this study, proteomic techniques were employed to investigate differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during the intrapuparial stage of Chrysomya megacephala. Specimens were sampled at four distinct time points: 0 h (Group A), 24 h (Group B), 48 h (Group C), and 72 h (Group D). Our analysis uncovered 56 DEPs between Groups B and A, 116 DEPs between Groups C and A, and a total of 152 DEPs between Groups D and A. These DEPs were categorized into nine clusters based on their expression patterns. Cluster 1 exhibited an increasing trend in protein expression, while Cluster 4 displayed the opposite pattern. Clusters 2, 6, and 9 showed an initial rise followed by a decline, whereas Cluster 3 demonstrated the reverse trend. Cluster 8 indicated an initial rise, a subsequent drop, and another rise, while Cluster 7 showed an initial decrease, followed by an increase and a minor decrease. Notably, the C-type lectin domain-containing (CTLD) protein and Failed axon connections (Fax) protein consistently displayed an upward trend. These two DEPs were selected for validation using the parallel reaction monitoring technique–targeted proteomics, confirming the trends observed in the initial analysis. In summary, this study highlights the potential of using proteins as reliable biomarkers for estimating pupal age.Age estimation is a critical aspect of forensic entomology, especially in the examination of pupae. The use of proteins as a means for age identification shows great promise. In this study, proteomic techniques were employed to investigate differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during the intrapuparial stage of Chrysomya megacephala. Specimens were sampled at four distinct time points: 0 h (Group A), 24 h (Group B), 48 h (Group C), and 72 h (Group D). Our analysis uncovered 56 DEPs between Groups B and A, 116 DEPs between Groups C and A, and a total of 152 DEPs between Groups D and A. These DEPs were categorized into nine clusters based on their expression patterns. Cluster 1 exhibited an increasing trend in protein expression, while Cluster 4 displayed the opposite pattern. Clusters 2, 6, and 9 showed an initial rise followed by a decline, whereas Cluster 3 demonstrated the reverse trend. Cluster 8 indicated an initial rise, a subsequent drop, and another rise, while Cluster 7 showed an initial decrease, followed by an increase and a minor decrease. Notably, the C-type lectin domain-containing (CTLD) protein and Failed axon connections (Fax) protein consistently displayed an upward trend. These two DEPs were selected for validation using the parallel reaction monitoring technique–targeted proteomics, confirming the trends observed in the initial analysis. In summary, this study highlights the potential of using proteins as reliable biomarkers for estimating pupal age.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf003 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf003
A novel signal processing approach enabled by machine learning for the detection and identification of chemical warfare agent simulants using a GC-QEPAS system
Nicola Liberatore, Giorgio Felizzato, Sandro Mengali, Roberto Viola, and Francesco Saverio Romolo
The detection and identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) present challenges in emergency response scenarios and for safety and security applications. This study presents the development and validation of an innovative analytical method using a gas chromatography (GC) and quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor for the detection of stimulants for six CWAs. Following the guidelines of the European Network of Forensic Science Institute (ENFSI) and the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808, the analytical method was validated. The validation results demonstrated the robustness and reliability of both the GC and QEPAS modules. Moreover, with regard to the toxicological threshold levels, this study highlights the efficacy of a prototype of a portable device for real security and safety applications. Furthermore, a machine learning (ML) approach was developed to automate the detection and identification of CWAs’ stimulants. The workflow involved two interconnected stages: detection based on chromatographic retention times (RTs), and identification using infrared (IR) spectra through the one-class support vector machines classifier. The classifier was activated only after obtaining a positive detection based on RTs. The results highlight the ML model’s effectiveness in CWA detection and identification, combining RT analysis and IR spectrum classification, achieving 97% accuracy at a 95.5% confidence interval and 99% accuracy at a 99.7% confidence interval; this result demonstrates the model’s utility for real-world security and safety applications for CWAs.The detection and identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) present challenges in emergency response scenarios and for safety and security applications. This study presents the development and validation of an innovative analytical method using a gas chromatography (GC) and quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor for the detection of stimulants for six CWAs. Following the guidelines of the European Network of Forensic Science Institute (ENFSI) and the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808, the analytical method was validated. The validation results demonstrated the robustness and reliability of both the GC and QEPAS modules. Moreover, with regard to the toxicological threshold levels, this study highlights the efficacy of a prototype of a portable device for real security and safety applications. Furthermore, a machine learning (ML) approach was developed to automate the detection and identification of CWAs’ stimulants. The workflow involved two interconnected stages: detection based on chromatographic retention times (RTs), and identification using infrared (IR) spectra through the one-class support vector machines classifier. The classifier was activated only after obtaining a positive detection based on RTs. The results highlight the ML model’s effectiveness in CWA detection and identification, combining RT analysis and IR spectrum classification, achieving 97% accuracy at a 95.5% confidence interval and 99% accuracy at a 99.7% confidence interval; this result demonstrates the model’s utility for real-world security and safety applications for CWAs.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owaf002 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf002
Editorial Statement: Forensic parasitology: a new frontier in criminalistics
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owae052 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owae052
Parallel sequencing of 170 STR and 132 SNP markers using the FGID forensic four-in-one DNA typing kit on the DNBSEQ-G99RS platform
Xiaoyuan Zhen, Zhenmin Zhao, Ruocheng Xia, Xiling Liu, Hui Li, Yuzhen Gao, Baifang He, Chengtao Li, and Ruiyang Tao
Massive parallel sequencing (MPS) has rapidly emerged as a promising technique for forensic DNA typing due to its capacity to simultaneously detect numerous genetic markers and samples in a single reaction, allowing the direct acquisition of sequence information. In this current investigation, the FGID forensic four-in-one DNA typing kit was employed on the DNBSEQ-G99RS high-throughput sequencing platform to simultaneously analyse two types of forensic genetic markers—short tandem repeat (STR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). A total of 306 DNA markers, comprising Amelogenin, 66 autosomal STR (A-STR) loci, 29 X chromosomal STR (X-STR) loci, 75 Y chromosomal STR (Y-STR) loci, and 135 SNP (132 A-SNP and 3 Y-SNP) loci, were genotyped for 100 unrelated individual samples (50 males and 50 females). As a result, sequence-based STR typing identified 940 alleles on A-STRs, 378 alleles on X-STRs, and 519 alleles on Y-STRs. In comparison with length-based alleles, the number of unique alleles based on sequence increased by 58.18%. Additionally, 97 new sequence variations were observed at 29 STR loci, and MPS sequence information was obtained for the first time at 42 STR loci. Furthermore, when utilizing sequence-based data, forensic parameters exhibited a notable increase in combined power of discrimination (CPD) and combined power of exclusion for A-STR, a slight increase in CPD and combined mean exclusion chance for X-STR, and a marginal increase in discrimination capacity for Y-STR. Moreover, information data for 132 A-SNPs were acquired. As anticipated, our findings highlight the advantages of MPS in forensic genetic applications while contributing novel genetic data for Asian populations in forensic practice.Massive parallel sequencing (MPS) has rapidly emerged as a promising technique for forensic DNA typing due to its capacity to simultaneously detect numerous genetic markers and samples in a single reaction, allowing the direct acquisition of sequence information. In this current investigation, the FGID forensic four-in-one DNA typing kit was employed on the DNBSEQ-G99RS high-throughput sequencing platform to simultaneously analyse two types of forensic genetic markers—short tandem repeat (STR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). A total of 306 DNA markers, comprising Amelogenin, 66 autosomal STR (A-STR) loci, 29 X chromosomal STR (X-STR) loci, 75 Y chromosomal STR (Y-STR) loci, and 135 SNP (132 A-SNP and 3 Y-SNP) loci, were genotyped for 100 unrelated individual samples (50 males and 50 females). As a result, sequence-based STR typing identified 940 alleles on A-STRs, 378 alleles on X-STRs, and 519 alleles on Y-STRs. In comparison with length-based alleles, the number of unique alleles based on sequence increased by 58.18%. Additionally, 97 new sequence variations were observed at 29 STR loci, and MPS sequence information was obtained for the first time at 42 STR loci. Furthermore, when utilizing sequence-based data, forensic parameters exhibited a notable increase in combined power of discrimination (CPD) and combined power of exclusion for A-STR, a slight increase in CPD and combined mean exclusion chance for X-STR, and a marginal increase in discrimination capacity for Y-STR. Moreover, information data for 132 A-SNPs were acquired. As anticipated, our findings highlight the advantages of MPS in forensic genetic applications while contributing novel genetic data for Asian populations in forensic practice.
- Dec. 04, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 3, owae050 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owae050
Correction to: Genetic Polymorphisms of 21 STR Loci of GoldeneyeTM DNA ID 22NC Kit in Five Ethnic Groups of China
- Dec. 02, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 2, owaf009 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf009
A case report of fatal splenic rupture caused by multiple organ infection following foreign body ingestion in a detainee
Ke Chen, Yingmin Li, Guozhong Zhang, Min Zuo, Haitao Bi, Weibo Shi, and Bin Cong
Among forensic and clinical cases, infections caused by the ingestion of foreign bodies are common. In general, timely removal of the foreign body and appropriate treatment prevent serious consequences. We herein report a rare case of death due to massive bleeding caused by splenic rupture following foreign body ingestion. To our knowledge, no similar cases have been reported in the Chinese or international literature, making this case particularly noteworthy. In this instance, the decedent was in a detention centre for a criminal offence and swallowed a wire unnoticed. The wire remained in his stomach for >50 days, leading to a severe suppurative infection in the gastric tissue. This resulted in suppurative inflammation affecting multiple organs, including the liver, pancreas, and spleen. The condition ultimately led to the rupture of splenic vessels and the formation of a rare, massive haematoma beneath the splenic capsule. Based on medical records and histopathological findings, we infer that the wire had remained in the stomach for ~50 days, triggering severe suppurative infections in multiple organs. The spleen eventually ruptured, and the victim died of massive haemorrhage.Among forensic and clinical cases, infections caused by the ingestion of foreign bodies are common. In general, timely removal of the foreign body and appropriate treatment prevent serious consequences. We herein report a rare case of death due to massive bleeding caused by splenic rupture following foreign body ingestion. To our knowledge, no similar cases have been reported in the Chinese or international literature, making this case particularly noteworthy. In this instance, the decedent was in a detention centre for a criminal offence and swallowed a wire unnoticed. The wire remained in his stomach for >50 days, leading to a severe suppurative infection in the gastric tissue. This resulted in suppurative inflammation affecting multiple organs, including the liver, pancreas, and spleen. The condition ultimately led to the rupture of splenic vessels and the formation of a rare, massive haematoma beneath the splenic capsule. Based on medical records and histopathological findings, we infer that the wire had remained in the stomach for ~50 days, triggering severe suppurative infections in multiple organs. The spleen eventually ruptured, and the victim died of massive haemorrhage.
- Dec. 02, 2025
- Forensic Sciences Research
- Vol. 10, Issue 2, owaf008 (2025)
- DOI：10.1093/fsr/owaf008
OpticsNatural ScienceEngineeringAgricultureMedical ScienceInterdisciplinaryMultidisciplinaryAll Subjects
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