Review|34 Article(s)
An advanced III-V-on-silicon photonic integration platform
Yingtao Hu, Di Liang, and Raymond G. Beausoleil
In many application scenarios, silicon (Si) photonics favors the integration of III-V gain material onto Si substrate to realize the on-chip light source. In addition to the current popular integration approaches of III-V-on-Si wafer bonding or direct heteroepitaxial growth, a newly emerged promising solution of epitaxial regrowth on bonded substrate has attracted a lot of interests. High-quality III-V material realization and successful laser demonstrations show its great potential to be a promising integration platform for low-cost, high-integration density and highly scalable active-passive photonic integration on Si. This paper reviews recent research work on this regrowth on bonded template platform including template developments, regrown material characterizations and laser demonstrations. The potential advantages, opportunities and challenges of this approach are discussed. In many application scenarios, silicon (Si) photonics favors the integration of III-V gain material onto Si substrate to realize the on-chip light source. In addition to the current popular integration approaches of III-V-on-Si wafer bonding or direct heteroepitaxial growth, a newly emerged promising solution of epitaxial regrowth on bonded substrate has attracted a lot of interests. High-quality III-V material realization and successful laser demonstrations show its great potential to be a promising integration platform for low-cost, high-integration density and highly scalable active-passive photonic integration on Si. This paper reviews recent research work on this regrowth on bonded template platform including template developments, regrown material characterizations and laser demonstrations. The potential advantages, opportunities and challenges of this approach are discussed.
Opto-Electronic Advances
- Publication Date: Sep. 25, 2021
- Vol. 4, Issue 9, 200094-1 (2021)
Quantum photonics based on metasurfaces
Jun Liu, Mingqian Shi, Zhuo Chen, Shuming Wang, Zhenlin Wang, and Shining Zhu
From metamaterials to metasurfaces, optical nano-structure has been widely investigated for novel and high efficiency functionalities. Apart from the intrisinsic properties of composite material, rich capabilities can be derived from the judicious design of metasurfaces, which enable more excellent and highly integrated optical devices than traditional bulk optical elements. In the meantime, the abundant manipulation abilites of light in the classical domain can be carried over into quantum domain. In this review, we highlight recent development of quantum optics based on metasurfaces, ranging from quantum plasmonics, generation, manipulation and appplication of quantum light to quantum vaccum engineering etc. Finally, some promising avenues for quantum optics with the help of optical metasurface are presented. From metamaterials to metasurfaces, optical nano-structure has been widely investigated for novel and high efficiency functionalities. Apart from the intrisinsic properties of composite material, rich capabilities can be derived from the judicious design of metasurfaces, which enable more excellent and highly integrated optical devices than traditional bulk optical elements. In the meantime, the abundant manipulation abilites of light in the classical domain can be carried over into quantum domain. In this review, we highlight recent development of quantum optics based on metasurfaces, ranging from quantum plasmonics, generation, manipulation and appplication of quantum light to quantum vaccum engineering etc. Finally, some promising avenues for quantum optics with the help of optical metasurface are presented.
Opto-Electronic Advances
- Publication Date: Sep. 25, 2021
- Vol. 4, Issue 9, 200092-1 (2021)
Photoluminescence control by hyperbolic metamaterials and metasurfaces: a review
Leonid Yu. Beliaev, Osamu Takayama, Pavel N. Melentiev, and Andrei V. Lavrinenko
Photoluminescence including fluorescence plays a great role in a wide variety of applications from biomedical sensing and imaging to optoelectronics. Therefore, the enhancement and control of photoluminescence has immense impact on both fundamental scientific research and aforementioned applications. Among various nanophotonic schemes and nanostructures to enhance the photoluminescence, we focus on a certain type of nanostructures, hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs). HMMs are highly anisotropic metamaterials, which produce intense localized electric fields. Therefore, HMMs naturally boost photoluminescence from dye molecules, quantum dots, nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamonds, perovskites and transition metal dichalcogenides. We provide an overview of various configurations of HMMs, including metal-dielectric multilayers, trenches, metallic nanowires, and cavity structures fabricated with the use of noble metals, transparent conductive oxides, and refractory metals as plasmonic elements. We also discuss lasing action realized with HMMs. Photoluminescence including fluorescence plays a great role in a wide variety of applications from biomedical sensing and imaging to optoelectronics. Therefore, the enhancement and control of photoluminescence has immense impact on both fundamental scientific research and aforementioned applications. Among various nanophotonic schemes and nanostructures to enhance the photoluminescence, we focus on a certain type of nanostructures, hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs). HMMs are highly anisotropic metamaterials, which produce intense localized electric fields. Therefore, HMMs naturally boost photoluminescence from dye molecules, quantum dots, nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamonds, perovskites and transition metal dichalcogenides. We provide an overview of various configurations of HMMs, including metal-dielectric multilayers, trenches, metallic nanowires, and cavity structures fabricated with the use of noble metals, transparent conductive oxides, and refractory metals as plasmonic elements. We also discuss lasing action realized with HMMs.
Opto-Electronic Advances
- Publication Date: Aug. 25, 2021
- Vol. 4, Issue 8, 210031-1 (2021)
Flexible fiber-laser ultrasound sensor for multiscale photoacoustic imaging
Bai-Ou Guan, Long Jin, Jun Ma, Yizhi Liang, and Xue Bai
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a noninvasive biomedical imaging technology capable of multiscale imaging of biological samples from organs down to cells. Multiscale PAI requires different ultrasound transducers that are flat or focused because the current widely-used piezoelectric transducers are rigid and lack the flexibility to tune their spatial ultrasound responses. Inspired by the rapidly-developing flexible photonics, we exploited the inherent flexibility and low-loss features of optical fibers to develop a flexible fiber-laser ultrasound sensor (FUS) for multiscale PAI. By simply bending the fiber laser from straight to curved geometry, the spatial ultrasound response of the FUS can be tuned for both wide-view optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy at optical diffraction-limited depth (~1 mm) and photoacoustic computed tomography at optical dissipation-limited depth of several centimeters. A radio-frequency demodulation was employed to get the readout of the beat frequency variation of two orthogonal polarization modes in the FUS output, which ensures low-noise and stable ultrasound detection. Compared to traditional piezoelectrical transducers with fixed ultrasound responses once manufactured, the flexible FUS provides the freedom to design multiscale PAI modalities including wearable microscope, intravascular endoscopy, and portable tomography system, which is attractive to fundamental biological/medical studies and clinical applications. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a noninvasive biomedical imaging technology capable of multiscale imaging of biological samples from organs down to cells. Multiscale PAI requires different ultrasound transducers that are flat or focused because the current widely-used piezoelectric transducers are rigid and lack the flexibility to tune their spatial ultrasound responses. Inspired by the rapidly-developing flexible photonics, we exploited the inherent flexibility and low-loss features of optical fibers to develop a flexible fiber-laser ultrasound sensor (FUS) for multiscale PAI. By simply bending the fiber laser from straight to curved geometry, the spatial ultrasound response of the FUS can be tuned for both wide-view optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy at optical diffraction-limited depth (~1 mm) and photoacoustic computed tomography at optical dissipation-limited depth of several centimeters. A radio-frequency demodulation was employed to get the readout of the beat frequency variation of two orthogonal polarization modes in the FUS output, which ensures low-noise and stable ultrasound detection. Compared to traditional piezoelectrical transducers with fixed ultrasound responses once manufactured, the flexible FUS provides the freedom to design multiscale PAI modalities including wearable microscope, intravascular endoscopy, and portable tomography system, which is attractive to fundamental biological/medical studies and clinical applications.
Opto-Electronic Advances
- Publication Date: Aug. 25, 2021
- Vol. 4, Issue 8, 200081-1 (2021)
Laser scribed graphene for supercapacitors
Zhengfen Wan, Xi Chen, and Min Gu
Supercapacitors, with the merits of both capacitors for safe and fast charge and batteries for high energy storage have drawn tremendous attention. Recently, laser scribed graphene has been increasingly studied for supercapacitor applications due to its unique properties, such as flexible fabrication, large surface area and high electrical conductivity. With the laser direct writing process, graphene can be directly fabricated and patterned as the supercapacitor electrodes. In this review, facile laser direct writing methods for graphene were firstly summarized. Various precursors, mainly graphene oxide and polyimide were employed for laser scribed graphene and the modifications of graphene properties were also discussed. This laser scribed graphene was applied for electrochemical double-layer capacitors, pseudo-capacitors and hybrid supercapacitors. Diverse strategies including doping, composite materials and pattern design were utilized to enhance the electrochemical performances of supercapacitors. Featured supercapacitors with excellent flexible, ultrafine-structured and integrated functions were also reviewed. Supercapacitors, with the merits of both capacitors for safe and fast charge and batteries for high energy storage have drawn tremendous attention. Recently, laser scribed graphene has been increasingly studied for supercapacitor applications due to its unique properties, such as flexible fabrication, large surface area and high electrical conductivity. With the laser direct writing process, graphene can be directly fabricated and patterned as the supercapacitor electrodes. In this review, facile laser direct writing methods for graphene were firstly summarized. Various precursors, mainly graphene oxide and polyimide were employed for laser scribed graphene and the modifications of graphene properties were also discussed. This laser scribed graphene was applied for electrochemical double-layer capacitors, pseudo-capacitors and hybrid supercapacitors. Diverse strategies including doping, composite materials and pattern design were utilized to enhance the electrochemical performances of supercapacitors. Featured supercapacitors with excellent flexible, ultrafine-structured and integrated functions were also reviewed.
Opto-Electronic Advances
- Publication Date: Jul. 25, 2021
- Vol. 4, Issue 7, 200079-1 (2021)
Advances in optical engineering for future telescopes
Daewook Kim, Heejoo Choi, Trenton Brendel, Henry Quach, Marcos Esparza, Hyukmo Kang, Yi-Ting Feng, Jaren N. Ashcraft, Xiaolong Ke, Tianyi Wang, and Ewan S. Douglas
Significant optical engineering advances at the University of Arizona are being made for design, fabrication, and construction of next generation astronomical telescopes. This summary review paper focuses on the technological advances in three key areas. First is the optical fabrication technique used for constructing next-generation telescope mirrors. Advances in ground-based telescope control and instrumentation comprise the second area of development. This includes active alignment of the laser truss-based Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) prime focus camera, the new MOBIUS modular cross-dispersion spectroscopy unit used at the prime focal plane of the LBT, and topological pupil segment optimization. Lastly, future space telescope concepts and enabling technologies are discussed. Among these, the Nautilus space observatory requires challenging alignment of segmented multi-order diffractive elements. The OASIS terahertz space telescope presents unique challenges for characterizing the inflatable primary mirror, and the Hyperion space telescope pushes the limits of high spectral resolution, far-UV spectroscopy. The Coronagraphic Debris and Exoplanet Exploring Pioneer (CDEEP) is a Small Satellite (SmallSat) mission concept for high-contrast imaging of circumstellar disks and exoplanets using vector vortex coronagraph. These advances in optical engineering technologies will help mankind to probe, explore, and understand the scientific beauty of our universe. Significant optical engineering advances at the University of Arizona are being made for design, fabrication, and construction of next generation astronomical telescopes. This summary review paper focuses on the technological advances in three key areas. First is the optical fabrication technique used for constructing next-generation telescope mirrors. Advances in ground-based telescope control and instrumentation comprise the second area of development. This includes active alignment of the laser truss-based Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) prime focus camera, the new MOBIUS modular cross-dispersion spectroscopy unit used at the prime focal plane of the LBT, and topological pupil segment optimization. Lastly, future space telescope concepts and enabling technologies are discussed. Among these, the Nautilus space observatory requires challenging alignment of segmented multi-order diffractive elements. The OASIS terahertz space telescope presents unique challenges for characterizing the inflatable primary mirror, and the Hyperion space telescope pushes the limits of high spectral resolution, far-UV spectroscopy. The Coronagraphic Debris and Exoplanet Exploring Pioneer (CDEEP) is a Small Satellite (SmallSat) mission concept for high-contrast imaging of circumstellar disks and exoplanets using vector vortex coronagraph. These advances in optical engineering technologies will help mankind to probe, explore, and understand the scientific beauty of our universe.
Opto-Electronic Advances
- Publication Date: Jun. 20, 2021
- Vol. 4, Issue 6, 210040-1 (2021)
Recent developments of quantum dot based micro-LED based on non-radiative energy transfer mechanism
Xiaotong Fan, Tingzhu Wu, Bin Liu, Rong Zhang, Hao-Chung Kuo, and Zhong Chen
With regard to micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs), their excellent brightness, low energy consumption, and ultra-high resolution are significant advantages. However, the large size of traditional inorganic phosphors and the number of side defects have restricted the practical applications of small sized micro-LEDs. Recently, quantum dot (QD) and non-radiative energy transfer (NRET) have been proposed to solve existing problems. QDs possess nanoscale dimensions and high luminous efficiency, and they are suitable for NRET because they are able to nearly contact the micro-LED chip. The NRET between QDs and micro-LED chip further improves the color conversion efficiency (CCE) and effective quantum yield (EQY) of full-color micro-LED devices. In this review, we discuss the NRET mechanism for QD micro-LED devices, and then nano-pillar LED, nano-hole LED, and nano-ring LED are introduced in detail. These structures are beneficial to the NRET between QD and micro-LED, especially nano-ring LED. Finally, the challenges and future envisions have also been described. With regard to micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs), their excellent brightness, low energy consumption, and ultra-high resolution are significant advantages. However, the large size of traditional inorganic phosphors and the number of side defects have restricted the practical applications of small sized micro-LEDs. Recently, quantum dot (QD) and non-radiative energy transfer (NRET) have been proposed to solve existing problems. QDs possess nanoscale dimensions and high luminous efficiency, and they are suitable for NRET because they are able to nearly contact the micro-LED chip. The NRET between QDs and micro-LED chip further improves the color conversion efficiency (CCE) and effective quantum yield (EQY) of full-color micro-LED devices. In this review, we discuss the NRET mechanism for QD micro-LED devices, and then nano-pillar LED, nano-hole LED, and nano-ring LED are introduced in detail. These structures are beneficial to the NRET between QD and micro-LED, especially nano-ring LED. Finally, the challenges and future envisions have also been described.
Opto-Electronic Advances
- Publication Date: Apr. 06, 2021
- Vol. 4, Issue 4, 210022-1 (2021)
Light-emitting MXene quantum dots
Anir S. Sharbirin, Sophia Akhtar, and Jeongyong Kim
MXene (Mn+1Xn) is an emerging class of layered two-dimensional (2D) materials, which are derived from their bulk-state MAX phase (Mn+1AXn, where M: early transition metal, A: group element 13 and 14, and X: carbon and/or nitrogen). MXenes have found wide-ranging applications in energy storage devices, sensors, catalysis, etc. owing to their high electronic conductivity and wide range of optical absorption. However, the absence of semiconducting MXenes has limited their applications related to light emission. Research has shown that quantum dots (QDs) derived from MXene (MQDs) not only retain the properties of the parent MXene but also demonstrate significant improvement on light emission and quantum yield (QY). The optical properties and photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms of these light-emitting MQDs have not been comprehensively investigated. Recently, work on light-emitting MQDs has shown good progress, and MQDs exhibiting multi-color PL emission along with high QY have been fabricated. The synthesis methods also play a vital role in determining the light emission properties of these MQDs. This review provides an overview of light-emitting MQDs and their synthesis methods, optical properties, and applications in various optical, sensory, and imaging devices. The future prospects of light-emitting MQDs are also discussed to provide an insight that helps to further advance the progress on MQDs. MXene (Mn+1Xn) is an emerging class of layered two-dimensional (2D) materials, which are derived from their bulk-state MAX phase (Mn+1AXn, where M: early transition metal, A: group element 13 and 14, and X: carbon and/or nitrogen). MXenes have found wide-ranging applications in energy storage devices, sensors, catalysis, etc. owing to their high electronic conductivity and wide range of optical absorption. However, the absence of semiconducting MXenes has limited their applications related to light emission. Research has shown that quantum dots (QDs) derived from MXene (MQDs) not only retain the properties of the parent MXene but also demonstrate significant improvement on light emission and quantum yield (QY). The optical properties and photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms of these light-emitting MQDs have not been comprehensively investigated. Recently, work on light-emitting MQDs has shown good progress, and MQDs exhibiting multi-color PL emission along with high QY have been fabricated. The synthesis methods also play a vital role in determining the light emission properties of these MQDs. This review provides an overview of light-emitting MQDs and their synthesis methods, optical properties, and applications in various optical, sensory, and imaging devices. The future prospects of light-emitting MQDs are also discussed to provide an insight that helps to further advance the progress on MQDs.
Opto-Electronic Advances
- Publication Date: Mar. 25, 2021
- Vol. 4, Issue 3, 200077-1 (2021)
Review of micromachined optical accelerometers: from mg to sub-μg
Qianbo Lu, Yinan Wang, Xiaoxu Wang, Yuan Yao, Xuewen Wang, and Wei Huang
Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS) accelerometer is a new type of accelerometer which combines the merits of optical measurement and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to enable high precision, small volume and anti-electromagnetic disturbance measurement of acceleration. In recent years, with the in-depth research and development of MOEMS accelerometers, the community is flourishing with the possible applications in seismic monitoring, inertial navigation, aerospace and other industrial and military fields. There have been a variety of schemes of MOEMS accelerometers, whereas the performances differ greatly due to different measurement principles and corresponding application requirements. This paper aims to address the pressing issue of the current lack of systematic review of MOEMS accelerometers. According to the optical measurement principle, we divide the MOEMS accelerometers into three categories: the geometric optics based, the wave optics based, and the new optomechanical accelerometers. Regarding the most widely studied category, the wave optics based accelerometers are further divided into four sub-categories, which is based on grating interferometric cavity, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), Fabry-Perot cavity, and photonic crystal, respectively. Following a brief introduction to the measurement principles, the typical performances, advantages and disadvantages as well as the potential application scenarios of all kinds of MOEMS accelerometers are discussed on the basis of typical demonstrations. This paper also presents the status and development tendency of MOEMS accelerometers to meet the ever-increasing demand for high-precision acceleration measurement. Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS) accelerometer is a new type of accelerometer which combines the merits of optical measurement and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to enable high precision, small volume and anti-electromagnetic disturbance measurement of acceleration. In recent years, with the in-depth research and development of MOEMS accelerometers, the community is flourishing with the possible applications in seismic monitoring, inertial navigation, aerospace and other industrial and military fields. There have been a variety of schemes of MOEMS accelerometers, whereas the performances differ greatly due to different measurement principles and corresponding application requirements. This paper aims to address the pressing issue of the current lack of systematic review of MOEMS accelerometers. According to the optical measurement principle, we divide the MOEMS accelerometers into three categories: the geometric optics based, the wave optics based, and the new optomechanical accelerometers. Regarding the most widely studied category, the wave optics based accelerometers are further divided into four sub-categories, which is based on grating interferometric cavity, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), Fabry-Perot cavity, and photonic crystal, respectively. Following a brief introduction to the measurement principles, the typical performances, advantages and disadvantages as well as the potential application scenarios of all kinds of MOEMS accelerometers are discussed on the basis of typical demonstrations. This paper also presents the status and development tendency of MOEMS accelerometers to meet the ever-increasing demand for high-precision acceleration measurement.
Opto-Electronic Advances
- Publication Date: Mar. 25, 2021
- Vol. 4, Issue 3, 200045-1 (2021)
Review of blue perovskite light emitting diodes with optimization strategies for perovskite film and device structure
Zongtao Li, Kai Cao, Jiasheng Li, Yong Tang, Xinrui Ding, and Binhai Yu
Perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have attracted considerable research attention because of their external quantum efficiency (EQE) of >20% and have potential scope for further improvement. However, compared to red and green PeLEDs, blue PeLEDs have not been extensively investigated, which limits their commercial applications in the fields of luminance and full-color displays. In this review, blue-PeLED-related research is categorized by the composition of perovskite. The main challenges and corresponding optimization strategies for perovskite films are summarized. Next, the novel strategies for the design of device structures of blue PeLEDs are reviewed from the perspective of transport layers and interfacial layers. Accordingly, future directions for blue PeLEDs are discussed. This review can be a guideline for optimizing perovskite film and device structure of blue PeLEDs, thereby enhancing their development and application scope. Perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have attracted considerable research attention because of their external quantum efficiency (EQE) of >20% and have potential scope for further improvement. However, compared to red and green PeLEDs, blue PeLEDs have not been extensively investigated, which limits their commercial applications in the fields of luminance and full-color displays. In this review, blue-PeLED-related research is categorized by the composition of perovskite. The main challenges and corresponding optimization strategies for perovskite films are summarized. Next, the novel strategies for the design of device structures of blue PeLEDs are reviewed from the perspective of transport layers and interfacial layers. Accordingly, future directions for blue PeLEDs are discussed. This review can be a guideline for optimizing perovskite film and device structure of blue PeLEDs, thereby enhancing their development and application scope.
Opto-Electronic Advances
- Publication Date: Feb. 28, 2021
- Vol. 4, Issue 2, 200019-1 (2021)
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